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The 19 th Century

Liberty Leading the People by Eugene Delacroix. The 19 th Century. (the first half) . 19 th Century.

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The 19 th Century

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  1. Liberty Leading the People by Eugene Delacroix

    The 19th Century

    (the first half)
  2. 19th Century Overview: After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the Congress of Vienna attempted to create a conservative international order. The primary concern of the Quadruple (later Quintuple) Alliance (England, France, Prussia, Austria, and Russia) was to suppress the forces of liberalism and nationalism. Except for nationalistic revolutions in the Balkans and the New World, the Concert of Europe was successful in maintaining peace across the continent, but to what extent?.
  3. Napoleon Spread the ideas of liberalism and nationalism across Europe Concordat of 1801 3. Code Napoleon 4. Empire and Continental System Invasion of Spain (1808) , Russia (1812) 100 Days Period of rule after he returns from exile in Elba Waterloo – 1815 Exile to St. Helena 8. Was Napoleon the last of the absolute monarchs or an enlightened despot?
  4. Congress of Vienna main objective: Led by the conservative Klemons von Metternich preserve peace by suppressing the forces of liberalism and nationalism 2. Quadruple Alliance 3. reestablished ancient kingdoms and boundaries (Old Regime) – (legitimacy) 4. did not punish France (contrast with treatment of Germany after WWI) 5. Concert of Europe 6. Balance of Power (contrast with the Treaty of Versailles)
  5. Conservative Backlash (1815-1820) After the defeat of Napoleon, all of the European powers (even England), were decidedly conservative. Austria and the German Confederation: Metternich’s policies towards liberalism, Carlsbad Decrees, Prussia: Frederick William II v. Constitutionalism Great Britain: Peterloo massacre, Corn Laws, Six Acts France: Louis XVIII (moderate) v. Charles X (reactionary)
  6. Conservative International Order Work together to contain the forces of liberalism and nationalism…fairly successful. The following are examples of foreign relations or foreign policy of the conservatives Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of Troppau, Congress of Laibach, and Congress of Verona Put down revolutions in Italy (1821) and Spain (1823)
  7. Exceptions to the New International Order New World (1804-1824) Independence movements throughout South America and Caribbean against European mother countries 2. Greece (1821) Independence movement (nationalism) against Ottoman Empire supported by French and English liberals. Greece is loved for its contribution to Western Civilization. Liberals wanted it free of Islamic/Ottoman civilization 3. Belgium (1830) Independence
  8. Liberal/Nationalistic Backlashes (1820s and 1830s) 1. Russia (Suppression): Decembrist Revolt (1825), Nicholas I and Official Nationality (“Othodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism”), Russification vs. Westernization 2. France (Revolution): Charles X was a reactionary, JulyRevolution of 1830 brought the rule of Louis Philippe (“citizen king”/”king of the French”). Economic policies – tariffs to protect industry from foreign competition; Louis believed his duty was to protect property and its owners. 3. England (Accommodation): Catholic Emancipation Act (1829), Great Reform Bill (1832), Chartism
  9. Revolutions of 1848 Overview: This is the greatest test of the conservative international order. Because the middle class did not address the social concerns of the lower class, however, the conservative order eventually prevailed. Bourgeois middle class liberals and socialist working class could not unite.
  10. Revolutions of 1848 1. France: June Days, Second Republic, Louis Napoleon; economic and social reasons for the revolt in France. 2. Austria: nationalistic tensions, Magyars want autonomy, serfs were freed, Conservative Russia helps Habsburg emperor end the revolt; Dual monarchy later established. 3. Italy: Piedmont-Austrian War (1848), Roman Republic, carbonari revolts against Austrian domination of Italy, Mazzini’s romantic nationalism, Young Italy (1831), emerged as leading figure of Italy’s revolutionary republicans. 4. Germany: popular uprisings in Berlin, Frankfurt Parliament; support German unification/nationalism 5. England: movement toward popular sovereignty, Irish Question – England avoids revolution, unlike other European states The revolutions in France, Austria, Italy, and Germany fail but the Age of Metternich is finished.
  11. Economic Developments Overview: During the first half of the 19th century, the industrial revolution continued. As it began to spread across the continent, capitalism flourished. Society was profoundly affected by industrialization.
  12. 1st Industrial Revolution 1. associated with textiles, iron, and steam 2. England 3. proletarianization (movement towards a wage-earning society) 4. Beginning, Early, and Later Industrial Revolution
  13. Social, Cultural, and Intellectual Developments Overview: The 19th century is generally regarded as the “Age of isms.” Isms are ideologies (beliefs) that are often, but not always, against the status quo. Often, they seek to redress perceived injustices or inequities. They might also simply identify a political, social, or economic system. Major Isms: Conservatism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Capitalism, Utilitarianism, Socialism, Marxism (Communism), Anarchism
  14. Intellectual Responses to Industrialization 1. Status Quo: Classical Economics (Capitalism) a. Smith b.Malthus and Ricardo 2. Change: Utopian Socialism, Marxism, Anarchism a. Saint-Simon, Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, Louis Blanc b. Marx, Engels, proletariat, bourgeoisie c. Joseph Proudhon, Mikhail Bakunin 3. Utilitarianism (Jeremy Bentham) 4. Luddites
  15. Urbanization 1. urban migration 2. police forces (crime) 3. prison reform (punishment)
  16. Changing Family Structures and the Role of Women during 1st Industrial Revolution 1. Beginning (18th Century): little change; machines simple and in homes 2. Early(early 1800s): movement to factories, greater mechanization, proletarianization of labor 3. Later (1820s and 1830s): greater mechanization, skilled v. unskilled workers, father as breadwinner, mother as homemaker for middle class (separate spheres and cult of domesticity beginning to develop), children (Factory Act of 1833), family bond weakened
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