Week Twelve Agenda

2. Week Twelve Agenda • Announcements • The final exam will be True/False, Multiple Choice, and Essay. • Make your reservation now! • Presentation dates for Section number V1WW are April 2 and 9. • Link of the week • Review week eleven lab assignment • Week eleven expected outcomes • Next lab assignment • Break-out problems • Upcoming deadlines • Lab assistance

3. Link of the week • Domain name registration Web site https://www.pairnic.com/services.html?gclid=COXiuLv6mI0CFSCTWAod81M57A • Determine if a domain is currently in use. http://www.pair.com/ • What is a domain name? • What is the function of the Domain Name System? • BIND (Berkley Internet Name Domain) • What is meant by top level domain?

4. Link of the week Top Level Domain (TLD) gov – Government edu – Educational org – Other organizations ( often nonprofit) mil – Military com – Commercial business net – Network organizations ca – Canada th – Thailand

5. Link of the week http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld.htm Iana - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Observe the Root Zone Database at the above Web site. It represents the list of top-level domains. Each country has an ISO (International Organization for Standardization) country code designated as its domain name.

6. Link of the week UNIX-like file system is hierarchical. It is interpreted from left to right. The top-level domain name appears at the left end. /var/mail/dandrear The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is also hierarchical. Its top-level domain name appears at the end, but is read from right to left. alpha.einstein.edu beta.ca.mail2web.com

7. Link of the week

8. Review week eleven lab assignment Kernel Initialization Kernel initialization generates output on the console. You can examine the output from the initialization by viewing /var/log/dmesg, which logs all kernel messages during this procedure. User Initialization The /etc/inittab format has not changed, but its level of involvement in the boot up procedure has been reduced. id:runlevels:action:process The init process accesses the /etc/inittab file for one system configuration setting (Red Hat Release 6.0). # initdefault run level is 3 id:3:initdefault:

9. Review week eleven lab assignment

10. Review week eleven lab assignment Red Hat 6.0 Release: Runlevels are a concept from UNIX System V used by the init daemon or other system initialization systems to define modes of system operation. Eight runlevels are permitted, the first seven are numbered 0-6 and the eighth is named S or s (both are permitted). System initialization is started by /etc/init/rcS.conf The rcS.conf file contains no information about previous run levels. The stop run level is set to “S”. In the event that the system stops, the default is single user. The /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit script is executed. # Individual runlevels are started by /etc/init/rc.conf # # Ctrl-Alt-Delete is handled by /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf # # Terminal gettys are handled by /etc/init/tty.conf and /etc/init/serial.conf, # with configuration in /etc/sysconfig/init.

11. Review week eleven lab assignment Red Hat 6.0 Release: # For information on how to write upstart event handlers, or how # upstart works, see init(5), init(8), and initctl(8). # # Default runlevel. The runlevels used are: # 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) # 1 - Single user mode # 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking) # 3 - Full multiuser mode # 4 - unused # 5 - X11 # 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this) # id:3:initdefault:

12. Review week eleven lab assignment User Initialization /etc/profile file Basic setup for all users $HOME/.profile User preferred environmental set up $HOME/.bash_profile Use the ls –a command to display the .profile or .bash_profile file under your $HOME directory.

13. Review week eleven lab assignment Metadata Metadata is data about data. It may describe a single piece of data or multiple content items and hierarchical levels. Example: Card catalogs of a library. Metadata can be the name of a US corporation, or a registered trademark.

14. Review week eleven lab assignment Metadata Metadata is structured information that describes and allows us to find, manage, control and understand other information. Structured metadata represents the specifications of these information. In this case, a better definition of this design concept would be "data about the containers of data".

15. Review week eleven lab assignment Types of Metadata There are many different types of metadata. Business Intelligence metadata General IT metadata IT metadata management products File system metadata Image metadata

16. Review week eleven lab assignment Linux runlevels: 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) 1 - Single user mode 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking) 3 - Full multiuser mode 4 - unused 5 - X11 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this) The initialization process for a terminal uses getty to set it up for login by a user. These commands are not used within user shell scripts. Their scripting counterpart is stty. The mingetty is the minimal getty for console(s).

17. Review week eleven lab assignment /etc/inittab actions respawn – The process will be restarted whenever it terminates. wait – The process will be started once when the specific runlevel is entered. once – The process will be executed once when the specific runlevel is entered. boot – The process will be executed during system initialization. initdefault – This entry specifies the runlevel which should be entered after system boot. sysinit – The process will be executed during system boot. It will be executed before any boot or bootwait entries.

18. Review week eleven lab assignment Actions powerwait – The process will be executed when the power goes down. powerokwait – This process will be executed as soon as init process is informed that the power has been restored. powerfailnow – This process will be executed when the init process is informed that the battery of the external UPS power is failing. ctraltdel – The process is executed when the init process receives the SIGINT signal. This means that someone on the system console has pressed the Ctrl-Alt-Del key combination.

19. Review week eleven lab assignment UNIX-like commands: ps –s (view zombie processes) ps –e –o pid,ppid,stat (display all processes / listed fields) ps –aux (view status of all processes) ps –x (view only active processes) ls –a (view “.” processes) ps -aux | grepcrond (view crond executing) nice (modified scheduling priority) (-20 to 19 range) umask (displays umask numeric values) umask –S (displays umask symbolic values) fg (Continues a stopped job by running it in the foreground, some shells are not able to run this command ). bg (Continues a stopped job in the background)

20. Review week eleven lab assignment UNIX-like commands: cat /etc/shells (Display available shells on system). echo $SHELL (Display current shell being utilized). chsh –s /bin/ksh (Change to a different shell) . printenv (command to display environment variables). df (report file system disk space)

21. Review week eleven lab assignment Unix/Linux Processes Linux defines a unit of work as a task or process. UNIXdefines a unit of work as a process. Each process is identified by a unique PID (Process ID). Each user is identified by a unique UID (User ID). Each process is started from a previous process using the fork and exec command. The init process is created by the kernel using a non-traditional procedure called hand-crafted or spontaneous.

22. Review week eleven lab assignment Unix/Linux Processes A background processes runs with a relatively low priority, require little or no input, and generate a minimum of output. Background process is unlike with a foreground process, the shell does not have to wait for a background process to end before it can run more processes. Background jobs are run at a lower priority to the foreground jobs. A foreground process is one that canshow the user an interface, throughwhich the user can interact with the program.The user must wait for one foreground process to complete before runninganother one.

23. Review week eleven lab assignment Non-Inherited Parent Process Attributes File locks (semaphores) Child resource utilization is set to zero Pending signals (kill –l signals) Daemon processes offer services like web pages serving, email transferring, time synchronization, and similar. They usually consume little CPU and memory, and run quietly without user interaction. They mainly communicate with other computer programs, or with other computers via network.

24. Review week eleven lab assignment Crontab Utilization: cron is the periodic event scheduler of your system. The following examples give you an idea of its usefulness and necessity. • regular daily backups • periodic mail checking • polling a device(s) for input • sending regular reports • sending user email every time a cron function is performed cron file locations /etc/crontab /etc/cron.deny /etc/cron.allow

25. Review week eleven lab assignment Crontab Utilization: Typical directory configuration /etc/cron.d/hourly /etc/cron.d/daily /etc/cron.d/weekly /etc/cron.d/monthly

26. Review week eleven lab assignment How frequent does crond execute on Unix-like systems? Disable email To prevent email messages from being sent to your mail account, create a record that contains the following syntax: * * * * * echo dandrear@franklin.edu > .trash_bin To cancel the email redirection, enter the following: rm trash_bin If the output is not needed, the following syntax can be included: * * * * * echo “Hello Administrator” > /dev/null 2>&1The /dev/null device is a special file that disregards all data written to it.

27. Review week eleven lab assignment crontab format: * * * * * command to be executed crontab values: Field Value minute 00-59 hour 00-23 (military time) day 1-31 month 1-12 weekday 0-6 (0=Sunday) Example records: There are a total of 6 fields in the crontab file 30 5 11 12 * echo “Welcome to Franklin University” 30 * * * * echo “Unix Administration”

28. Review week eleven lab assignment Demonstrate: Display crontab entries and /var/mail/dandrear file and introduce the tail –f command. Who can use the crontab commands (create, list, edit or remove)? What does the “*” character represent in the first five fields of a crontab record? Match all values A single integer will match that exact time value. A comma separated list of integers can invoke multiple matches like 1,2,3. Example: 5,10,45 * * * * echo “Unix Administration”

29. Review week eleven lab assignment crontab restrictions If your name appears in the cron.allow file. If that files doesn’t exist, you can use crontab. If your name does not appear in the cron.deny file. If cron.deny exists and is empty, all users can use crontab. If neither file exists, only the root user can use crontab. crontab command without options Read standard input Exit using “Control C” so that the existing crontab is unmodified. Exit using “Control D” will cause the current users’ crontab to be replaced with no information.

30. Review week eleven lab assignment crontab commands crontab -e Edit crontab file crontab –l Display your crontab file crontab –r Remove your crontab file crontab –v Display last time crontab was edited.

31. Review week eleven lab assignment Samba The /etc/samba/smb.conf file controls most aspects of how Samba works and is divided into two sections. Each section begins with a line that starts with an open bracket ([), includes some text, and ends with a closed bracket (]).

32. Review week eleven lab assignment • [globals] Defines global parameters • [printers] Defines printers • [home] Defines shares in the homes directory • Comments in the smb.conf can start with either a pound (#) or (;). • # A private directory, usable only by Bob. • ; [bobsdir] • ; comment = Bob’s Service • ; path = /usr/somewhere/in/space • ; writeable = yes • ; printable = no • ; public = no

33. Review week eleven lab assignment Linux Security SELinux developed by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), implements Mandatory Access Control (MAC) in the Linux kernel. MAC enforces security policies that limit what a user or program can do. It defines a security policy that controls some or all objects, such as files, devices, sockets, and ports, and some subjects like processes. Utilizing SELinux, you can grant a process only those permissions it needs to be functional.

34. Review week eleven lab assignment Linux Security TCP Wrapper is part of the client/server model, and can be used with any daemon that is linked against libwrap.a, and relies on the /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny files as the basis of a simple access control language. This access control language defines rules that selectively allow clients to access server daemons on a local system based on the client’s address and the daemon the client tries to access.

35. Review week eleven lab assignment Linux Security chroot jail On early UNIX systems, the root directory was a fixed point in the file system. Chroot jail allows users on UNIX-like system to define the root directory on a process bases. The chroot jail utility allows you to run a process with a root directory other than /. By creating an artificial root directory, frequently called (chroot) jail, you can make it harder for the other system files to be accessed.

36. Review week eleven lab assignment What is the functionality of Network File System (NFS)? It is a remote file system designed by Sun Microsystems, available on computers from most UNIX system vendors. It allows the server to share selected local directory hierarchies with client systems on a heterogeneous network. Files on the remote computer (fileserver) appear as if they are present on the local system. The physical location of a file is irrelevant to an NFS user.

37. Review week eleven lab assignment Network Services A variety of services available across a network NFS: Developed by Sun Micro Systems Runs on UNIX, DOS, Windows, VMS, and Linux Files on the remote computer appear as if they are present on the local system. Server configuration - /etc/exports file is the main NFS configuration file and it consists of two columns: Column #1 - lists the directories the network or DNS domains the can get access to the directories. Column #2 – lists NFS options in brackets. #/etc/exports/data /files *(ro,sync) /home 192.168.1.0/24 (rw,sync) /data/test *.my-site.com (rw,sync) /data/database 192.168.1.203/32 (rw,sync)

38. Review week eleven lab assignment Network Services A variety of services available across a network NFS: Use the chkconfig command to configure the required NFS daemons to start at boot. Use exportfs –a command when no directories have been exported to NFS. Use exports –r command when adding a shared directory to export only the new entries. Use the showmount –a command to list all currently exported directories. In the /etc/fstab file, add a similar entry: #/etc/fstab 192.168.1.100:/data/files /mnt/nfsnfssoft,nfssvers=2 o 2

39. Review week eleven lab assignment Network Services A variety of services available across a network Remote login: rlogin (remote login) is a UNIX command that allows an authorized user to login to other UNIX machines (hosts) on a network and to interact as if the user were physically at the host computer. Once logged in to the host, the user can do anything that the host has given permission for, such as read, edit, or delete files. SSH is a protocol that allows computers to communicate with each other over encrypted connections. An SSH client is used to log in to a remote machine (running an SSH server) and allows the execution of commands on that machine.

40. Review week eleven lab assignment Orphan Process: dandrear 7160 7158 0 17:12 pts/4 00:00:00 -ksh dandrear 7189 7160 0 17:13 pts/4 00:00:00 /bin/ksh ./pid_ppid.sh dandrear dandrear 7190 7189 0 17:13 pts/4 00:00:00 ps -ef dandrear 7191 7189 0 17:13 pts/4 00:00:00 grep dandrear dandrear 7192 7189 0 17:13 pts/4 00:00:00 sort dandrear 7001 7113 0 8:13 pts/3 23:00:00 cp root 7158 938 0 17:12 ? 00:00:00 sshd: dandrear@pts/4

41. Week ten, eleven, and twelve expected outcomes Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to: Manipulate user accounts. Describe how cron is used to invoke repetitive processes. Manipulate process structure including: a. fork and exec, b. Initialization process, c. Background/foreground, d. PS tool. Explain basic UNIX security issues. Describe disk and file system structure. Use backup and restore archival operations on a system. Establish network services. Investigate the structure of the LDAP directory using LDAP commands.

42. Next lab assignment • Copy-on-Write It is an optimization strategy for multiple users can give the same pointer for a resource. The primary advantage is that if a caller never makes any modifications, no private copy is needed. This strategy is used in virtual memory operating systems pages in memory that might be modified by either the process or its copy are marked copy- on-write.

43. Next lab assignment Network Services A variety of services available across a network Utilize a Web browser: All network services rely on the ability to convert a host or domain name to an IP address. DNS are complex. The number of host names and IP addresses in the Internet is very large. DNS Local contains actual translations for the machines in its local network DNS Global contains more information about translations. A single translation could involve several DNS before resolving the IP address.

44. Next Lab Assignment • UNIX/Linux file system is contained under the root directory denoted by a slash “/”. • Users don’t have to worry about the physical locations of files. • The system administrator must be familiar with mounting and un-mounting storage space (/mnt). • NIS+ (Network Information Service) is a directory service.

45. Next Lab Assignment File System • It is an organization of data and metadata on a storage device. • It is the methods and data structure that an operating system uses to keep track of files on a disk or partition; that is the way the files are organized on the disk. • Think of a file system as a protocol. File systems give meaning to the data on a particular storage device. What is a block device? It is a device in which the data that moves to and from occurs in blocks (like a disk sector) and supports attributes such as buffering and random access behavior. Block devices include hard drives, CD-ROMs, and RAM disks. What is a character device? It is a device that does not have a physical addressable media. Character devices include serial ports and tape devices, where data is streamed character by character.

46. Next Lab Assignment File System

47. Next Lab Assignment Super Block Contains information about each mounted file system. The actual data structure in Linux is called struct vfsmount. Information held is mount flags, mount time, device name, pointer to super block and device block size. The Linux 2.0 kernel keeps a static array of such structures to store up to 64 mounted file systems. Data Block Data blocks are used to store the data for a file. There is space only for a few data block numbers in the inode, however if more are needed, more space for pointers to the data blocks is allocated dynamically. These dynamically allocated blocks are indirect blocks. The name indicates that in order to find the data block, one has to find its number in the indirect block first.

48. Next lab assignment

49. Next Lab Assignment

50. Next lab assignment UNIX base root file system tree structure /bin (commands) /dev (devices) /etc (system configuration/executables) /sbin (boot commands) /usr/sbin (administrative commands) /home (users home directories) /lib (shared libraries) /mnt (temporary mount directory) /opt (optional software) /proc (processes) /stand (boot-related files) /var (spooling)