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Long-Term Training in Swimming

Long-Term Training in Swimming. Genadijus Sokolovas, Ph.D., Senior Physiologist Global Sport Technology, Inc, www.globsport.org. Top-100 Study. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performances of elite level swimmers based on the USA Swimming’s All-Time Top 100 times.

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Long-Term Training in Swimming

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  1. Long-Term Training in Swimming Genadijus Sokolovas, Ph.D., Senior Physiologist Global Sport Technology, Inc, www.globsport.org

  2. Top-100 Study • The purpose of this study was to investigate the performances of elite level swimmers based on the USA Swimming’s All-Time Top 100 times. • May early high-level performances limit a swimmer’s progression later in his/her career?

  3. Methods • Analysis of USA Swimming’s All-Time Top 100 age group times by girls and boys. • Five age groups: 10-under, 11-12, 13-14, 15-16, and 17-18. • Swimming events: 100, 200, and 500 freestyle; 100 and 200 backstroke; 100 and 200 breaststroke; 100 and 200 butterfly; and the 200 individual medley. • Calculating the percent of participation.

  4. Participation at USA All-Time Top 100 in All Events at Age 17-18 (Females) Top 100 Age 10 & under 10.3% Top 100 Age 11-12 20.3% Top 100 Age 17-18 36.9% Top 100 Age 13-14 49.7% Top 100 Age 15-16

  5. Participation for USA All-Time Top 100 in 100 Freestyle at Age 17-18 (Males) Top 100 Age 10 & under 13.2% Top 100 Age 11-12 12.6% Top 100 Age 17-18 31.1% Top 100 Age 13-14 53.5% Top 100 Age 15-16

  6. Freestyle Events for Girls

  7. Backstroke and Breaststroke Events for Girls

  8. Age 15-16 vs 17-18 • There is still a low number of elite swimmers at age 15-16 for girls and boys. • About half of the elite swimmers in the Top 100 at age 17-18 were new swimmers who were never ranked in the Top 100 at any age. • This statistics shows that most of the future elite swimmers swim under Top 100 times until age 15-16.

  9. Females vs Males • There is a small difference between elite female and male freestyle swimmers at age 11-12 and 13-14, where it appears that higher numbers of female freestylers were ranked in the Top 100. • Higher numbers for females may be related to earlier biological maturation in girls.

  10. Selection of Main Event by Females • 51.6% of elite female swimmers are listed in other events at age 10 and under. • This number decreases with age and reaches 37.9%, 26.6% and 24.9% at age 11-12, 13-14 and 15-16, respectively. • Most of elite female swimmers select their event at age 13-14.

  11. Selection of Main Event by Males • 69.6% of elite male swimmers are listed in other events at age 10 and under. • This number decreases with age and reaches 55.6%, 40.8% and 26.7% at age 11-12, 13-14 and 15-16, respectively. • The elite male swimmers select their events at age 15-16 or about 2 years later than elite female swimmers.

  12. Conclusion 1 • A small number of elite swimmers from the Top 100 at age 17-18 were ranked in the Top 100 at a younger age. Typically, a little over 10 % were ranked as a 10-under, less than 20% as a 11-12 year old, a little over 30% as a 13-14 year old, and about 50% as a 15-16 year old.

  13. Conclusion 2 • The analysis shows that most of elite level swimmers were unknown at young ages. About a half of elite swimmers at Top 100 at age 17-18 are new swimmers, which never were listed at Top 100 at any age. Most of future elite swimmers swim slower than age group champions, especially at ages until 15-16 years.

  14. Conclusion 3 • Many participants ranked in the Top 100 as age groupers are not present in the Top 100 as they become an elite swimmer in the 17-18 age group. It may be related to their early biological maturation and/or a high training volume and intensities at a young age.

  15. Conclusion 4 • Elite level swimmers change their events during long-term training. Elite female swimmers tend to change their events until the age of 13-14. Elite male swimmers tend to change their events until the age of 15-16.

  16. What is the Goal in Career Training? Best performance: - 10 & under? - 11-12? - 13-14? - 15-16? - 17-18? - at the age of peak performance potential!

  17. Average Age of Ten Best Swimmers in History (Freestyle)

  18. Average Age of Ten Best Swimmers in History (Backstroke & Breaststroke)

  19. Average Age of Ten Best Swimmers in History (Butterfly & IM)

  20. Average Age of Ten Best Swimmers in History (Male, Free)

  21. Average Age of Ten Best Swimmers in History (Female, Free)

  22. Swimming Performance Progression

  23. Swimming Performance Progression in Career Training

  24. Swimming Performance Progression in Career Training • Peak Performance / Performance at age 11 • For Females – 0.71-0.89 (71-89%) • For Males – 0.61-0.79 (61-79%)

  25. Swimming Performance Progression in Career Training Time at age 11 Ratios: Male - 0.61-0.79 (61-79%) Female - 0.71-0.89 (71-89%) Peak performance time

  26. Optimal Swimming Performance Progression Lower level Upper level

  27. Optimal Swimming Performance Progression

  28. Optimal Swimming Performance Progression

  29. Performance Progression Model

  30. Performance Progression Model

  31. Duration of Career Training Age at Peak Performances Maintenance of High Performances “Time Reserve” to prepare each swimmer to achieve their individual maximum potential Age at the Beginning of Career Training

  32. Age at the Beginning of Career Training 6-8 years Age at Peak Performance 18-25 years depending on gender, distance orientation and rate of individual maturation Duration of Career Training “Time Reserve” - 10-19 years!!!

  33. “Time Reserve” for Men (Freestyle)

  34. “Time Reserve” for Women (Freestyle)

  35. Stages of Biological Maturation • Early Childhood and Prepuberty • Girls - until 11 years, Boys - until 12 years • Puberty • Girls - 11-14 years, Boys - 12-15 years • Postpuberty • Girls - after 15 years, Boys - after 16 years

  36. EARLY CHILDHOOD • Age 4-6: • Kids don’t have good postural and balance skills • Very short attention spans • Imprecise eye movement • There is no advantage to begin swimming at this age

  37. CHILDHOOD • Age 6-9: • Improved postural and balance skills • Good age to begin organized swimming practices • Longer attention spans, but still isn’t long enough to focus on long explanation • More precise eye movement • Simple swimming drills • Difficulty to accomplish complex skills

  38. PREPUBERTY • Age 10-12: • Good postural and balance skills • Growth in extremities and long bones • Maturational differences between genders and early/late maturers • Easy to learn advanced swimming technique • Complex swimming and synchro drills

  39. PUBERTY • Age 12-17: • Improved attention and decision making skills • Rapid growth and development (sensitive period). Decrease in strength and power because of rapid growth. • Improved aerobic capacity • Deterioration in postural and balance skills (it is important to continue working on swimming skills at this age) • Greater potential of skeletal-muscular injuries

  40. POSTPUBERTY • Age 16-19: • Appreciation of variety in training and swimming sets • Improvements in racing skills • Increased muscle mass and tolerance to the high-intensity work (anaerobic capacity) • Increased sprinting ability (strength and power) • Improved cardio-vascular system

  41. Sensitive Periods of Development • Physical characteristics and physiological systems develop at different rates during maturation. • During the adolescent growth spurt many parameters show accelerated growth size and strength. • These accelerated phases of development are called “sensitive periods” and represent the fastest rate of development.

  42. Anthropometric Parameters in Career Training (Swimmers) “Sensitive Periods” Timakova T.S., 1985

  43. Changes in Height Gain Peak Height Velocity (Puberty) Initiation of Adolescent Spurt (Prepuberty) Deceleration (Postpuberty)

  44. Changes in Weight Gain Peak Weight Velocity (Puberty) Deceleration (Postpuberty) Initiation of Adolescent Spurt (Prepuberty)

  45. Vo2 max in Young Male Athletes “Sensitive Period” 4500 4250 4000 3750 3500 Vo2 (ml/min) 3250 3000 Cunningham et al. (1987) 2750 Daniels et al. (1978) 2500 Murase et al. (1981) 2250 2000 Baxter-Jones et al. (1993) 1750 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Age (yrs)

  46. Changes in Aerobic Capacity Gain (Males) “Sensitive Periods” Kashkin A.A., 1981; Timakova T.S., 1985

  47. Strength Parameters in Career Training (Swimmers, Males) “Sensitive Periods” Sokolovas G., Gordon S., 1986

  48. Changes in Strength Gain (Males) “Sensitive Periods” Priluckij P.M., 1998

  49. Arm Pull Vertical Jump 14 5 12 4 10 kg/yr 8 3 cm/yr 6 2 4 2 1 -3 -2 -1 PHV 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 PHV 1 2 3 Bent Arm Hang Sit and Reach 6 2 4 2 s/yrr cm/yr 1 0 -3 -2 -1 PHV 1 2 3 -2 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 PHV 1 2 3 Data from Beunen et al., 1988

  50. Progression of Physical Qualities in Career Training

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