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TCP/IP

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite, developed in the 1970s for ARPANET and pivotal for connecting UNIX systems. It covers the historical context, its multilayered design advantages, and the relationship with the OSI model. Each layer—link, internet, transport, and application—is detailed with examples of relevant protocols. Additionally, it explains ARP, ICMP, static and dynamic routing, and their implementation. This essential knowledge forms the backbone of modern networking practices, critical for both small and large networks.

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TCP/IP

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  1. Chapter 7 TCP/IP

  2. TCP/IP History Chapter 7: TCP/IP • Developed in the 1970s • Created for use on the ARPANET • Used by UNIX • Predates the PC, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, and Ethernet • Platform and operating system independent

  3. Chapter 7: TCP/IP TCP/IP Standards • Developed using a collaborative process • Published as Requests for Comments (RFCs) by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) • In the public domain

  4. Chapter 7: TCP/IP Advantages of a Multilayered Design • Platform independence – Separate protocols make it easier to support a variety of communicating Platforms • Quality of service – Provide level of service required • Simultaneous development – Can develop various protocols simultaneously

  5. Chapter 7: TCP/IP TCP/IP AND THE OSI MODEL

  6. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE LINK LAYER • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) link layer protocols include • Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) • Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

  7. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE INTERNET LAYER • The TCP/IP internet layer is equivalent to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network layer. • Examples of Internet layer protocols include • IP • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) • Routing protocols: • Routing Information Protocol (RIP) version 1 and 2 • Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

  8. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE TRANSPORT LAYER • The TCP/IP transport layer is equivalent to the OSI transport layer. • Examples of transport layer protocols include • TCP • UDP

  9. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE APPLICATION LAYER • The TCP/IP application layer is equivalent to the session, presentation, and application layers in the OSI model. • Examples of application layer protocols include • Domain Name System (DNS) • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) • File Transfer Protocol/Trivial File Transfer Protocol (FTP/TFTP) • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) • Telnet • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

  10. Chapter 7: TCP/IP ARP • The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) resolves logical network layer addresses to Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. • ARP is defined in Request for Comments (RFC) 826. • ARP requests and replies are broadcasts that can be generated by end systems and routers. • ARP broadcast messages are not forwarded by routers.

  11. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE INTERNET CONTROL MESSAGE PROTOCOL (ICMP) • The ICMP protocol (described in RFC 792) is a connectionless network layer messaging protocol. • Two types of messages can be sent by end systems and routers: • Error and diagnostic.  Used to report error conditions and perform diagnostic tests on a network • Query. Used to request information from another system

  12. Chapter 7: TCP/IP IP ROUTING BASICS • Routers are network layer devices that • Connect similar or dissimilar data-link layer architectures to form an internetwork. • Use route tables to forward datagrams across an internetwork. • Datagrams are forwarded based on the logical destination network layer address. • The best path selection is determined by the least cost metric. • Routes to remote destinations are learned in two ways: • Statically • Dynamically

  13. Chapter 7: TCP/IP DIRECTLY CONNECTED NETWORKS

  14. Chapter 7: TCP/IP STATIC ROUTES • Static routes are manually configured by an administrator. • There must be one static route for each destination network. • There must be a default static route. • When a specific route becomes unavailable, a new static route must be added and the old one must be removed. • Static routes do not generate broadcast traffic. • Suitable only for small networks

  15. Chapter 7: TCP/IP DYNAMIC ROUTES • Dynamic routes are automatically learned and advertised by routing protocols. • Routers use dynamic routing protocols to build their route tables and advertise route information. • Routing protocols, such as RIP and OSPF, can adapt very quickly to changes in the network. • Routes are either broadcast or multicast. • The best path selection is based on metrics.

  16. Chapter 7: TCP/IP DYNAMIC ROUTES (CONT.) • Suitable for large networks • Automatically compensates for network infrastructure changes • Reduces administrative workload

  17. Chapter 7: TCP/IP ROUTING TABLE INFORMATION • Each route entry includes the following information: • The destination network and subnet mask • The IP address of the next gateway (or router) used to reach the destination • The specific outgoing interface used to reach the destination • The metric value associated with the route

  18. Chapter 7: TCP/IP MICROSOFT WINDOWS XP ROUTING TABLE

  19. Chapter 7: TCP/IP STATIC ROUTE EXAMPLE

  20. Chapter 7: TCP/IP STATIC ROUTE COMMANDS • The configuration of a static route varies, depending on the operating system of the computer or router you are using. • For Microsoft Windows Server 2003 you can use either • Route.execommand line interface • Routing And Remote Access Console

  21. Chapter 7: TCP/IP STATIC ROUTE COMMANDS (CONT.) • For UNIX and Linux systems, use the Route command line interface. • For NetWare servers, you can use either Routecon.nlm or Inetcfg.nlm.

  22. Chapter 7: TCP/IP ROUTE.EXE SYNTAX • To add a static route, use the following command line syntax: • ROUTE ADD [destination network] MASK [subnet mask] [local interface address] IF [local interface number] METRIC [metric value for route] • For example: • ROUTE ADD 192.168.3.0 MASK 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2 IF 1 METRIC 1

  23. Chapter 7: TCP/IP DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS • Routers use dynamic routing protocols to advertise and learn about networks. • There are two types of routing protocols: • Distance vector • Link state

  24. Chapter 7: TCP/IP RIP (Routing Information protocol) • RIP is a distance vector routing protocol. • There are two versions of RIP: • RIP version 1, or RIP v1 (defined in RFC 1058) • RIP version 2, or RIP v2 (defined in RFC 2453) • RIP uses the least number of hops to determine the best path to a destination. • The maximum hop count is 15 (16 = destination unreachable).

  25. Chapter 7: TCP/IP OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) • OSPF is a link state routing protocol defined in RFC 2328. • OSPF uses link costs with the lowest values to determine the best path to a destination. • Routers maintain a database of routes for the entire network. • Routers exchange route information through multicast advertisements. • OSPF supports load balancing and authentication.

  26. Chapter 7: TCP/IP APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS • Provide the communication between a client program and a server program across a network • Run on TCP or UDP

  27. Chapter 7: TCP/IP DNS (Domain Name System) • Resolves Internet Protocol (IP) host names to logical network layer addresses (converts IP addresses to Hostnames) • Runs on top of UDP or TCP • Uses well-known port 53

  28. Chapter 7: TCP/IP DNS (Domain Name System) (CONT.) • A hierarchical namespace for computer networks – Identifies computers using names composed of 3 or more words, separated by periods. • Common Top Level Domains • .edu • .gov • .mil • .com • .net • .org

  29. Chapter 7: TCP/IP Top Level Domain DNS (Domain Name System) (CONT.) Second Level Domain

  30. DNS Name Resolution Chapter 7: TCP/IP The DNS Name Resolution Process

  31. DHCP Chapter 7: TCP/IP DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) • Facilitates the automatic assignment of IP addresses • Runs on top of UDP or TCP • Uses well-known server port 67 and client port 68

  32. Chapter 7: TCP/IP FTP (File Transfer Protocol) • Is a connection-oriented file transfer protocol • Runs on top of TCP • Uses well-known server ports 21 (for control) and 20 (for data)

  33. Chapter 7: TCP/IP TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) • Is a connectionless file transfer protocol • Runs on top of UDP • Uses well-known server port 69

  34. Chapter 7: TCP/IP HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) • Used to access Web services • Runs on top of UDP or TCP • Uses well-known server port 80

  35. Chapter 7: TCP/IP SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) • Is an e-mail protocol • Runs on top of TCP • Uses well-known server port 25

  36. Chapter 7: TCP/IP SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) • Allows SNMP management devices to query clients for information and set network traps. Use to gather information about the network • Runs on top of UDP or TCP • Uses well-known server port 161

  37. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE TELNET (Terminal Emulation) PROTOCOL • Is a terminal emulation program that allows remote access and management of network devices • Runs on top of TCP • Uses well-known server port 23

  38. Chapter 7: TCP/IP TCP/IP CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS • Each TCP/IP Windows host must be configured with the following parameters: • IP Address • Subnet Mask • Default Gateway • DNS Server Address • Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) Server Address • Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS)/Host Name

  39. Chapter 7: TCP/IP TCP/IP AND WINDOWS • All current versions of Windows use the TCP/IP protocol stack by default. • When the operating system detects a network interface adapter, it automatically installs the network interface device driver and the following TCP/IP modules: • Client for Microsoft Networks • File and Print Sharing for Microsoft Networks • Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

  40. Chapter 7: TCP/IP INSTALLING TCP/IP COMPONENTS

  41. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP/IP) PROPERTIES DIALOG BOX

  42. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE IP SETTINGS TAB

  43. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE DNS TAB

  44. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE WINS TAB

  45. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE OPTIONS TAB

  46. Chapter 7: TCP/IP SUMMARY • The TCP/IP protocol stack consists of four layers: link, internet, transport, and application. • ARP resolves logical network layer addresses to MAC addresses. • ICMP is a messaging protocol used to report IP errors and query hosts for information. • Routers connect networks. They use static or dynamic routing protocols to learn and advertise routes. • Application layer protocols provide services to IP clients, such as file transfer and e-mail capability. • IP hosts must be configured with an IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, DNS Server Address, WINS Server Address, and other parameters to communicate on a network.

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