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FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS

FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS. CHAPTER 10. Vital Signs. Vital: concerned with or essential to life. Sign: obvious, objective finding or evidence of illness or bodily malfunction. Homeostasis and Methods of Heat Loss. A. All chemical process in the body produce heat as one of the byproducts.

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FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS

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  1. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS CHAPTER 10

  2. Vital Signs • Vital: concerned with or essential to life. • Sign: obvious, objective finding or evidence of illness or bodily malfunction

  3. Homeostasis and Methods of Heat Loss A. All chemical process in the body produce heat as one of the byproducts. • Body must be able to maintain a constant body temperature.

  4. Homeostasis • State of equilibrium = compensation a. Body adjust for changes in internal or external environment. • Hypothalamus • Heat regulating part of the body • Tracks & controls amount of body heat lost • Located within the brain

  5. Homeostasis • 80% of heat loss is through the skin • Convection: Transfer or loss of heat due to circulation or replacement of a surrounding liquid or gas. • Radiation: Transfer or loss of heat from or by its source to the surrounding environment in the for of heat waves or waves • Evaporation: the convection of liquid or solid to a gas

  6. Temperature A. USE THE CORRECT THERMOMETER • Oral • Rectal: generally 1 degree higher than oral • Tympanic : membranes shares the same blood supply as hypothalamus • Axillary: used for people who must breath via mouth or who cannot turn on their side

  7. Temperature • B. Temperature scales • Fahrenheit: most commonly used scale • 320 = freezing • 212o = boiling • Celsius: • 00 = freezing • 1000 = boiling

  8. Temperature • Conversions: • F to C: 5/9(F-32) = Celsius • C to F: (C x 9/5) + 32 = Fahrenheit

  9. Temperature • Factors effecting core temperature • Head injuries • CVA’s (strokes, cerebrovascular accidents) • Extreme environment temperatures • Amount of body fat • Time of day temperature is taken • Disease processes • Brain tumors or brain surgery

  10. PulseCharacteristics • Rhythmical throbbing due to contraction and expansion of artery as wave of blood passes through. • Pulses only in artery • Veins have little pressure and no pulse. • Adult average of 5 liters of blood

  11. PulseLocations • Central: blood flow to the vital organs • Carotid, femoral, apical • Peripheral: flow to skin surface extremities, ears, nose, & face. • Brachial, radial, pedal • Apical – point of maximum impulse

  12. PulseRate • Adult: normal resting 60- 100 beats/ minute • Infants < 1 year = 90 – 140 • Children 1 to 7 years = 80 – 120 • Children > 7 years = 72 - 90 • Factors that may affect rate: • Tachycardia >100 : medications, exercise, anxiety, fear, heart problems, > temperature • Brachycardia <60 well-conditioned athletes, medication, low body temperature

  13. PulseRegularity = Rhythum • Regular vs irregular • Count for full minute

  14. PulseStrength • Weak • Strong • Thready (weak, rapid, diffulcult to count) • Bounding (unusually strong

  15. Respiration & Lung SoundsCharacteristics • Respiration: breathing • Oxygen in Carbon dioxide out • Controlled by Respiratory center • Located in medulla oblongata • Signal from voluntary and involuntary muscles

  16. Respiration & Lung SoundsPhases • External respiration = gas exchange • CO2 of blood exchanged for O2 form inspired air in the alveoli of lungs • CO2 gotten rid of via exhalation • Breathing cycle : active motion

  17. Respiration & Lung SoundsPhases • Internal respiration: exchange of CO2 contained in the cells for O2 in blood. • expiration • 1 respiratory cycle = one inspiration and one exhalation

  18. Respiration & Lung SoundsRates • Premature infants 40 –90 • Newborn infants 30 - 50 • 4 weeks to 12 months 20 – 40 • 2 to 5 years 20 – 30 • 5 to 15 years 20 – 25 • 15 + 15

  19. Respiration & Lung SoundsMeasuring Rates • Abdominal • Apnea • Bradypnea • Cheyne-Strokes • Decreased • Dyspnea

  20. Respiration & Lung SoundsMeasuring Rates • Hyperapnea • Kussmaul’s breathing • Labored breathing • Stertorous • Tachypnea

  21. Respiration & Lung SoundsPatterns • Normal quiet and effortless • Snoring – upper respiratory obstruction • Crackles or gurgling – fluid in passages • Stridor – high pitched noise, squeak + upper respiratory obstruction (laryngeal edema) • Wheeze – Narrowing of passage. • Asculation points

  22. Respiration & Lung SoundsFactors Effecting Patterns • Diseases • Diabetes, kidney abnormalities, lung disease • Medications • Emotions • Injuries • Head, diving accidents, drownings, gun shot

  23. Blood Pressure • Measurement of pressure against walls • Systolic: top number • Refers to the contraction of ventricles • Pressure of blood against arterial wall • Diastolic • Refers to contraction of ventricles • Pressure on wall during relaxation • palpated

  24. Blood Pressure 5. Hypertension • Random readings of or > 140/90 in otherwise health adult • Sign & symptoms • Headaches upon awakening • Visual distrubances • General weakness • Excessive fatigue • CVAs

  25. Blood Pressure • Noninvasive vs Invasive blood pressure • Factors effecting readings -Medication, Exercise, Stress, Insomnia, Pain, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, trauma, fever, head injuries

  26. Weight & Height • Accuracy • Characteristics of weighing • < 2 years on scales w/ ounces baby scale usually w/o clothes • >2 adult scale • Weight conversion Lbs/2.2 = kg • Height = Adult w/o shoes

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