The Spirit of Reform

1. The Spirit of Reform Chapter 8

2. Andrew Jacksons Presidency A New Era in Politics. Democracy takes hold.

3. Andrew Jacksons Presidency • Elected in 1828 • Many more men were eligible to vote in 1828 than before due to voting reforms. • Jackson a president of the people • Orphaned at 14 • Little formal education • Used innate intelligence to win support and lead.

4. Andrew Jacksons Presidency • Used the spoils system • Moved to make election process more democratic by changing from a caucus system to national nominating system. • Followers of Jackson became known as Jacksonian Democrats, and the party becomes known as the democrats.

5. Andrew Jacksons Presidency • Second National Bank • When re-elected in 1832 decided that was a signal from the American people to stop the bank. • Nullification Crisis • Tariff of Abominations in 1828 almost causes South Carolina to secede, VP Calhoun calls for nullification of the tariff. Jackson defended the union and calls for the Force Bill. • Indian Removal Acts • Paid Native Americans to re-locate to the west in the Great Plains.

6. Trail of Tears Map

7. Political Opposition Emerges Whig Party forms to oppose Jackson.

8. Political Parties Whigs • Emerge to oppose Jackson. • Larger federal government • Industrial and commercial development • Centralized economy • Idolize Jackson • States rights • Thought state banks could handle economic development Democrats

9. Election of 1836 • Whigs have 3 candidates • Can only agree that they disagree with Jackson • Martin Van Buren rides the coattails of Jackson to an easy victory.

10. Presidency of Van Buren • Panic of 1837 strikes the nation • Panic means recession • Democrats belief in limited federal government caused Van Buren to do little to help the country. • Farmers lost land • Banks and businesses failed • Unemployment soared among factory workers.

11. Election of 1840 • Whigs see an opportunity to defeat Democrats. • Nominate William Henry Harrison • War of 1812 Hero (Tippecanoe) • Portrayed him as frontiersman although he was a man of privilege. • John Tyler VP • left Democrats over nullification • Southerner

12. Tippecanoe and Tyler Too! This banner was used to show how much of a frontiersman Harrison was.

13. Tippecanoe and Tyler too! • The campaign was successful for the Whigs. • Won 234-60 Electoral Votes • Harrison delivered his inaugural address on March 4, 1841 for almost 2 hours in the bitter cold. • He died 32 days later of pneumonia.

14. John Tyler’s presidency“His Accidency” • Whigs tried to continue their agenda but were blocked by Tyler • He sided with Democrats except for nullification • Blocked 3rd National Bank • Blocked higher tariff • Webster-Ashburton Treaty established a boundary between US and Canada from Maine to Minnesota.

15. “His Accidency” John Tyler

16. True/False Practice • Andrew Jackson won the Election of 1828. • Whigs idolized Andrew Jackson • John Tyler was elected President in 1840. • Voting rights expanded to include all white males by 1840. • The spoils system favored common people.

17. A Changing Culture Immigration, Religious Awakenings, and Literary changes impact the culture of the US.

18. Immigration • Between 1815 and 1860 over 5 million immigrants appeared in America. • Irish—Potato fungus caused famine in 1845. • 2 million people (largest group) • Settled in the NE and worked as unskilled laborers or servants. • Germans—Had more money and skills upon arrival. • Second largest group with 1.5 million immigrants • Settled in cities in the Midwest. • Farmed or opened businesses.

19. Immigration • Nativism-- Discrimination of people who had a different language, culture, or religion • Many Americans were anti-Catholic • Know-Nothing party emerged. • Pledged to never vote for a Catholic and pushed for laws banning Catholics from holding public office.

20. Religious Revival • Protestant denominations realized that science and reasoning were challenging faith. • Religious leaders challenged Americans to revive their commitment to religion. • Second Great Awakening—individuals must re-admit God into their daily life.

21. Religious Revival • Charles Grandison Finney became famous for his revivals. • Camps were to play on emotions of people to create the best outcome possible. • Also founded Oberlin College in Ohio, the first in the US to admit women and African-Americans. • Did not believe in politics, that Christ would change people from within and political reforms would have no impact.

22. Religions Emerge • Unitarians—Jesus was not the son of God, he was a great teacher. God is a unity not a trinity. • Universalists—God intends to save everyone, reject idea of hell. • Both split from New England Congregational Church • Mormons—Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints • Leader Joseph Smith published the Book of Mormon, it includes the word of God and the need to build a kingdom to receive God on Earth.

23. Literary Renaissance • Ralph Waldo Emerson— Nature Transcendentalist leader. • Margaret Fuller—influenced by Emerson • Henry David Thoreau—fight the urge to conform

24. Literary Renaissance • James Fenimore Cooper—Last of the Mohicans 1826 • Nathaniel Hawthorne—The Scarlet Letter 1850 • Herman Melville—Moby Dick 1851 • Edgar Allen Poe—poet and short story writer, notably grim and dark. • Walt Whitman—Leaves of Grass 1855 • Emily Dickinson—female poet

25. Penny Press • As more Americans learned to read, and gained voting rights inexpensive papers emerged. • Provided kind of news people liked—fires, crimes, marriages, gossip, politics… • Magazines start to emerge for a wider audience. • Atlantic Monthly • Harpers Weekly

26. Utopian Communities • Literature Renaissance based on optimism with human nature, and a belief that people can redefine their lives. • Ideal life (utopian communities) sprang up as a result. • No private property, but community living • Brook Farm in MA • Shakers formed a religion and opened communities from Maine to Kentucky • Did not believe in marriage or having children

27. Either/Or PracticeChoose between German or Irish • Lived in cities on the East coast. • Moved to the Midwest • Worked as unskilled laborers • Farmed or opened businesses • Escaped a famine before arriving in America

28. Penny Paper Assignment • Write a story that you think would appeal to the masses of Hoover High School. (150 words at least) • Remember these told stories had mass appeal: • Crime—Please do NOT include names of people in the case of crimes (these “crimes” can be school rules or speeding) • Marriage • Gossip • Politics • Local news • Email to: emeador@forum.montevallo.edu

29. Reforming Society The Reform Spirit of America

30. Benevolent Societies • Groups focused on spreading the word and work of God. • Soon after their establishment they began combating “social problems” • Women played a larger part in these societies than men. • Many unmarried women found a foundation in religion they could build their life upon. • Focused on 3 major areas for change.

31. 1. Temperance Movement • Drinking in the West was a way to ease feelings of isolation and loneliness. In cities it was a social and leisure activity. • Reformers argued that no social vice caused more crime, disorder or poverty than drinking. • Men spent money on alcohol that could have been spent for family. Some beat their wives as a result of drinking.

32. 1. Temperance Movement • New reformers energized the movement that had been around, and gained influence. • 1833 several groups formed together into the American Temperance Union to persuade drinkers of the evils of their habit. • They pushed for laws to be passed to prohibit the sale of alcohol. • 1851 Maine became the first state to pass law • 1855 12 other states had passed similar laws

33. 2. Prison Reform • Prisoners of all kind were in the same prisons. • Debtors • Violent offenders • Mentally ill • 1816 many states began building new facilities that better rehabilitated “laxness” that led them astray. • The goal of these new prisons was evident in their name, penitentiaries. Prisoners were not just locked up but expected to pay penitence.

34. 3. Educational Reform • Thomas Jefferson believed that a democratic republic would only be successful if the electorate was educated. • In the 1820-30’s reformers focused on educating the new voters and immigrants.

35. 3. Educational Reform • Horace Mann (MA) got an education bill passed in 1837 creating a state board of education. • He then took over as secretary of the new board. • Opened 50 new high schools • Doubled teachers salaries • Opened teacher training schools • 1852 MA passed the first mandatory attendance law

36. 3. Educational Reform • MA became the model for other states. • NY passed a similar law the next year. • 1850’s tax-supported elementary schools gained widespread acceptance in the North. • Rural areas had need for children in planting and harvesting.

37. 3. Educational Reform • 1860’s about 1/3 of Southern white children were enrolled. • African Americans were excluded entirely. • Education being offered was to educate voters. Women were still not voters and therefore not educated. • Some women were educated despite restrictions. • Elizabeth Blackwell earned a medical degree in the US or Europe .

38. Match the leader with reform movement. • Horace Mann • Lyman Beecher • Dorthea Dix • Ralph Waldo Emerson • Transcendentalism • Prison Reform • Education Reform • Benevolent societies

39. Women’s Roles

40. Women’s Roles • Some success came from the conventions. • 1860, 15 states had passed laws permitting married women to retain property if their husbands died. • Overall the movement gained momentum to build upon later.

41. Abolitionist Movement • Of all Movements this was the most divisive. • Gradualism: • Stop new slaves from being brought in • Phase out slavery from the North down. • Compensate slave owners for loss. • Gradual nature would allow South to adjust • Colonization: • Ending slavery would not end racism so African Americans should be shipped back to Africa • American Colonization Society shipped 12,000 African Americans to Liberia between 1821 and 1860.

42. Abolitionist Movement • Sparked by the Second Great Awakening many Americans thought that slavery was a sin the nation needed to repent for. • First all slaves must be freed immediately with no compensation to owners. • William Lloyd Garrison advocated this idea in his newspaper Liberator.

43. Abolitionist Movement • Garrison gained support and formed the American Antislavery Society in 1833. • Support was strong in the North and membership reached 250,000 by the mid 1830’s. • Other prominent white Americans joined the movement, including man women and Southerners. • Prominent free African-Americans joined the fight. • Fredrick Douglas wrote Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglas in 1845 • Sojourner Truth captivated people with her folksy engaging stories and singing.

44. Reaction to Abolition:South • Southern economy and social structure relied on slavery. • Some claimed that slaves had no desire for freedom due to cozy relationships with their master. • Many blamed Garrison for the Nat Turner revolt, even though his paper was not distributed in the South.

45. Reaction to Abolition:North • Northerners had 3 reactions to abolition. • Apathy: these people did nothing • Pro-Abolitionist: opposed to slavery and called for the end. (Garrison) • Anti-Abolitionist: some of these people did not approve of slavery, but they disapproved abolition more. • Might produce a war between the North and South. • Influx of Free African-Americans north would overwhelm the economy there. • Crumbling of the Southern economy would crumble the Northern economy. Banks would not be paid or textile mills would not have cotton.

46. Role of Reform 1800-1850 • Choose a reform movement from the ones we discussed. • Temperance • Prison reform • Educational reform • Women’s rights • Abolition movement • Think about both sides of that movement. • Prepare 3 points on both sides of your reform movement. • Use questions like: Why did people think this reform was necessary? Who would have been a member of this movement? How would this make society better? What citizens rights does this infringe upon? • Tomorrow we are going to discuss them and then turn in your 3 reasons for and 3 reasons against a movement.