Status of Women Physicists in Japan - Present and Future -

1. Status of Women Physicists in Japan- Present and Future - Masako Bando Aichi University, Miyoshi, Aichi, Japan bando@aichi-u.ac.jp Based on the works done by the analysis groups of JPS and JSAP

2. Plan of my talk Survey of National-wide Questionnaire by JPS and JSAP Proposal of Investigation on Academic Achievement Future Prospects Possible Change of our Society

3. Survey of QuestionnaireJOINT PROJECTSbut different questionsJPS (The Physical Society of Japan) JSAP(Japan Society of Applied Physics ) Encouraged by IUPAP activities Thanks to “Women in Physics”

4. Characteristic features60% of JPS members belong to academia 56% of JSAP members belong to industryHere we showJPS data to see academia side JSAP data to see industry side

5. Total numbers of answers 2619(13%) male 2397 female 214 Age Distribution of JPS answers and Female Ratio of Answers (JPS) Answers The ratio depends on ages Distribution of JPS members

6. Total number of answers 3604 (16%) male 3355 female 349 Age distribution (JSAP) Total number of answers (JSAP)

7. Physicists can convert age distribution time dependence intoHistorical eventsAge dependence in terms of Critical events in Japanese history which reflects

8. Numbers of Academic Stuffs booms Academia Side affects to Science Boom The second baby Boom 1965-1970 around 63-58 years old 1990-1995 around 38-33 years old

9. Academic stuff of all fields female ratio increase of academic stuff female male Number and ratio of academic stuff 1949-1999

10. Boom and graph The second baby Boom Science Boom

11. Political actions Industry side Political actions affects to Equal Employment Opportunity Law Child Care Leave System 1975-1985 around 48-38 years old 1992 around 33 years old

12. JSAP data Jsap data ? Child Care Leave System Equal Employment Opportunity Law

13. To see more clearly Academia side Industry side Divide answers

14. We can see more clearly Academia side From JPS data Industry side From JSAP data 60% of JPS members belong to universities 60% of JSAP members belong to industries

15. Triggering by different answers classified into To see more clearly academic achievement Job status Family situation

16. Critical Ages clearly recognized Child Care Leave System Equal Employment Opportunity Law The second baby Boom Science Boom

17. Job Status Academic positions(JPS) professor The ratio of women in the post doctoral fellow is very large Associate professor Assistant professor

18. Life cycle of Academic Rank example

19. Assistant professor lecturer Associate professor professor Lifecycle of rank 5 years 15 years 30 years How many years do you need after PHD ? 応用物理学会男女共同参画委員会アンケート

20. The Definition of Rank Index Job Status Example:University Years 10 15 30 5 Assistant professor Lecturer hhh Associate professor professor index 1 2 6 3

21. The Definition of Rank Index Job Status Academia side Years 10 15 30 5 Assistant professor Lecturer Associate professor professor index 1 2 6 3

22. Rank index (JPS) The second baby Boom Science Boom

23. The Definition of Position Index Job Status Industry side Top 2% Dean 8% Chief 30% Low 30% Head 30% 0 10 7.5 1.5 4.5 9.4 P-Index 9.9

24. Age distribution of Position -index Equal Employment Opportunity Law Drastic change During the international women period (1975-1985)

25. With the similar Position index even in academia the situation of the figure is almost the same. The second baby Boom Science Boom

26. In academia The situation of women physicists is strongly affected by the policy of education and science In industry The situation of women physicists is strongly affected by the policy of employment system. In this way we find

27. Ratio of marriage people Ratio of people having children Number of children Family Situation

28. Ratio of marriage-people in Academia (JPS data) Marriage is not a very serious barrier

29. Average number of children(JSAP data) Child Care Leave System

30. Experience of Chairing Conferences Experiences of executive positions of academic societies Number of production of doctors Research Activity • Publication of papers, etc. • Talks in conferences, etc.

31. Example: Number of papers (JPS data) Initial condition is almost equal but difference is appreciable from around 35 years old.

32. Example: Number of chairing at international conferences The curve has a strong correlation to that of position index.

33. Example: number of executive experiences of domestic societies Gender difference is appreciable. The average age of this experience is 42.

34. Findings Almost the same structure for Job status, Family situation and Academic achievement

35. Conclusion of findings Once women get social supports and improvements of academic conditions and family care, they can equally achieve equal contributions to our society The status of women physicists strongly depends on the policy of academic situation and employment system. .

36. Proposal of Lifecycle analysis Academic Achievements Proposal of life cycle In order to see this more clearly, And identify the barriers Microscopic analysis As well as Macroscopic analysis

37. Example: Life cycle of Job status

38. Assistant professor lecturer Associate professor professor Lifecycle of rank 5 years 15 years 30 years How many years do you need after PHD ? 応用物理学会男女共同参画委員会アンケート

39. Example: Number of papers (JPS data) From thist figure, the research activity can be estimated Number of Publications for each 5 years ΔN=N(y)-N(y-5)

40. Macroscopic Analysis of Life Cycle of Academic Activity Male Female Preliminary calculation from the age distribution of publications

41. Microscopic approach I would like to ask women physicists As well as men physicists To draw your own life cycle of Academic achievement in terms of own age distribution of publication number for each 5 years together with some comments ( marriage, childbirth, P.h.d., etc.)

42. Microscopic approach would make clear What is the main barriers for women to continue their research How we can make excellent achievement in physics .

43. Microscopic Approach for Life Cycle of Academic Activity example 1 Women with 3 children Example 1 Cited from “Marriage, Motherhood and Research Performance in Science” By J.R.Cole and H. Zuckerman cited from Science (1987)

44. Example 2 Women with 2 children Example 2

45. example 3 Women without children Example 3

46. One more comments to confirm our conclusionfrom JSAP data • Women work less in the office than men. • Women work more at home than men • Totally , women work almost equally to men!!! • More interesting, total working hour of women around 60 years is far longer than men!!! It is interesting that women seem to become more active as they become old!!!

47. Average working hours in the office Average working hours in the office 11.5 11.0 Situation reverses in the over 60 age group 10.5 10.0 Average working hours in office(Ｈ) Overall, women work less hours in the office. men 9.5 women 9.0 Under 20 Over 60 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 3-2 応用物理学会男女共同参画委員会アンケート

48. JSAP working hour at home Average working hours at home Overall, women work longer hours at home. 2.5 men 2.0 women Average hours(Ｈ) 1.5 1.0 0.5 In the higher age groups, women work even longer hours at home. 0.0 Under 20 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 Over 60 3-3 応用物理学会男女共同参画委員会アンケート

49. Characteristics of Women Women love human beings as well as science (although this is not yet proven!!) Future prospects Women live more multi-style life, Taking care more family and daily life. Women are more involved by Child care and Family care than men.

50. Women in Physics We hope to change the world Creation of new area involving life, peace ecology, etc., if women enjoy science. Atmosphere of academic society Without so-called “Nomiya” if women increases. . Budget distribution may become more transparent with humanity if women join decision-making committees. Madame Curie, Raychel Carlson, Theo Colborn