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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY CHAPTER 16

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY CHAPTER 16. HOW DOES IT TIE IN TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM? CIRCULATES BODY FLUIDS BACK TO THE BLOOD WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF IT DIDN’T ?. LYMPHATIC PATHWAYS. LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES. LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES. www.cayuga-cc.edu. LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES.

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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY CHAPTER 16

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  1. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITYCHAPTER 16

  2. HOW DOES IT TIE IN TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM? • CIRCULATES BODY FLUIDS BACK TO THE BLOOD • WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF IT DIDN’T?

  3. LYMPHATIC PATHWAYS • LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES

  4. LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES www.cayuga-cc.edu

  5. LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES • HOW DO THEY DIFFER FROM BLOOD CAPILLARIES? • PARALLEL BLOOD CAPILLARIES • SIMILAR STRUCTURE • MORE FLUID EXITS CAPILLARIES ON ARTERIOLE SIDE THAN REABSORBED ON VENULE SIDE • INTERSTITIAL FLUID ENTERS= LYMPH • CELLS OVERLAP, AREN’T ATTACHED SO PROTIENS AND OTHER MATERIAL ENTERS WHEN PRESSURE INCREASES • FUNCTION OF LACTEALS? • GO TO LYMPHATIC VESSELS

  6. student.ccbcmd.edu

  7. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE FORCES LYMPH IN • PROTEIN ATTACHMENT FIBERS ? • HOW DOES LYMPH FLOW THROUGH THE VESSELS? • LIKE VEINS: • SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION • CONTRACTION OF RESPIRATORY MUSCLES • CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE IN LYMPH VESSELS • VALVES

  8. www.jdaross.mcmail.com

  9. LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES www.cayuga-cc.edu

  10. LYMPHATIC VESSELS • STRUCTURE SIMILAR TO VEINS/ THINNER • SAME 3 LAYERS ? • SEMILUNAR VALVES ?

  11. student.ccbcmd.edu

  12. LYMPHATIC TRUNKS • LYMPHATIC VESSELS DRAIN INTO LYMPHATIC TRUNKS • NAMED FOR REGIONS THEY DRAIN • JOIN THE COLLECTING TRUNKS: • THORACIC DUCT • LARGER AND LONGER • FROM ABDOMINAL REGION TO LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN • DRAINS INTESTINAL, LUMBAR, INTERCOSTAL TRUNKS, LEFT SUBCLAVIAN, LEFT JUGULAR, & LEFT BRONCHOMEDIASTINAL TRUNKS • RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT • RIGHT THORAX TO RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN • TO PLASMA

  13. www.cayuga-cc.edu

  14. student.ccbcmd.edu

  15. student.ccbcmd.edu

  16. student.ccbcmd.edu

  17. www.cayuga-cc.edu

  18. LYMPH FLOW • FLUID MOVEMENT FROM CAPILLARIES TO INTERSTITIAL FLUID TO LYMPH IS USUALLY BALANCED • OBSTRUCTION OF FLOW LEADS TO ? • EDEMA

  19. LYMPH NODES • USUALLY AFTER LYMPH VESSELS • ~1IN; BEAN SHAPED; HILUM; CAPSULE FORMS; LYMPH NODULES/FOLLICLES • AFFERENT LYMPH VESSELS ENTER AT VARIOUS AREAS ALONG CAPSULE • EFFERENT VESSLES EXIT AT HILUM

  20. www.cayuga-cc.edu

  21. LYMPH NODULES • CONTAIN B LYMPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES TO FIGHT INVADING PATHOGENS WHY IN LYMPH NODES? • SOME LYMPH NODULES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER SYSTEMS: • TONSILS • PEYER’S PATCHES: M CELLS (MICROFOLD) PICK UP ATIGENS FROM LUMEN OF SMALL INTESTINE AND BY TANSCYTOSIS 9VESSICLE MEDIATED) TRANSFER IT TO OTHER DENDRITIC CELLS AND T LYMPHOCYTES • LYMPH SINUSES PROVIDE PATHWAY FOR LYMPH TO CIRCULATE

  22. student.ccbcmd.edu

  23. LYMPH NODE en.wikipedia.org Structure of the lymph node. 1. Afferent lymphatic vessel 2. Sinus 3. Nodule 4. Capsule 5. Medulla 6. Valve to prevent backflow 7. Efferent lymphatic vessel.

  24. student.ccbcmd.edu

  25. LOCATIONS OF LYMPH NODES • CERVICAL • AXILLARY • SUPRATROCHLEAR: MEDIAL SIDE OF ELBOW • INGUINAL • PELVIC • ABDOMINAL • THORACIC

  26. LYMPH NODE FUNCTION • FILTERING HARMFUL MATERIAL • IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE: LYMPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES

  27. www.cayuga-cc.edu

  28. www.cayuga-cc.edu

  29. THYMUS • BILOBED; CAPSULE; MEDIASTINUM; ANTERIOR TO AORTIC ARCH; POSTERIOR TO STERNUM;TO PERICARDIUM • SHRINKS WITH AGE; ADIPOSE AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE FILLS IN • CONNECTIVE TISSUE FROM CAPSULE FORMS LOBULES • LOBULES CONTAIN LYMPHOCYTES (MARROW) MATURE INTO T LYMPHOCYTES DUE TO HORMONES THYMOSINS SECRETED BY EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THYMUS

  30. student.ccbcmd.edu

  31. SPLEEN • LARGEST LYMPHATIC ORGAN • UPPER LEFT ABDOMEN; INFERIOR TO DIAPHRAGM; ANTERIOR TO STOMACH • STRUCTURE SIMILAR TO LYMPH NODES; HILUM FOR BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES; • VENOUS SINUSES FILLED WITH BLOOD

  32. PULP • WHITE PULP • TINY ISLANDS; SPLENIC NODULES PACKED WITH LYMPHOCYTES • RED PULP • REST OF LOBULES; SURROUND VENOUS SINUSES; CONTAINS RBCs, LYMPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES • CAPILLARIES OF RED PULP PERMEABLE: ALLOW RBCs TO PASS AND DAMAGED RBCs RUPTURE AND MACROPHAGES REMOVE DEBRIES • MACROPHAGES DESTROY PATHOGENS • LYMPHOCYTES DEFEND AGAINST INFECTIONS • SPLEEN FILTERS BLOOD

  33. SPLEEN

  34. SPLEEN en.wikipedia.org/

  35. SPLEEN mywebpages.comcast.net

  36. SPLEEN mywebpages.comcast.net

  37. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://img338.imageshack.us/img338/6852/bitencaca8qz.jpg&imgrefurl=http://http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://img338.imageshack.us/img338/6852/bitencaca8qz.jpg&imgrefurl=http://

  38. /www.stayinginshape.com

  39. BODY DEFENSES • PATHOGENS: • BACTERIA; PROTOZOA; FUNGI; • VIRUSES • INFECTION DOESN’T ALWAYS HAVE SYMPTOMS • INNATE/NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES • ADAPTIVE/ SPECIFIC DEFENSES

  40. INNATE DEFENSES • SPECIES RESISTANCE • MECHANCIAL BARRIERS • CHEMICAL BARRIERS • NATURAL KILLER CELLS • INFLAMMATION • PHAGOCYTOSIS • FEVER

  41. SPECIES RESISTANCE • A SPECIES CAN’T GET CERTAIN DISEASES ? • DON’T HAVE THE RECEPTORS; OR DON’T HAVE CORRECT TEMPERATURE OR CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT;

  42. FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE MECHANICAL BARRIERS • SKIN • SLOUGHS OFF REMOVING BACTERIA • MUCOUS MEMBRANES • CILLIATED EPITHELIUM • HAIRS TRAP INFECTIOUS AGENTS • SWEAT, MUCUS, TEARS, SALIVA, AND URINE WASH AWAY PATHOGENS

  43. SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE • CHEMICAL BARRIERS • ENZYMESGASTRIC • JUICE: PEPSIN & HCl • TEARS: LYSOSOMES • HCl • SALT • INTERFERRONS • HORMONELIKE PEPTIDES PRODUCED BY LYMPJHOCYTES OR FIBROBLASTS VS. VIRUSES AND TUMOR CELLS • HELP TO BLOCK THE REPRODUCTION OF VIRUSES • STIMULATE PHAGOCYTES AND OTHER CELLS TO RESIST INFECTION AND HINDER THE GROWTH OF TUMORS

  44. DEFENSINS • PEPTIDES MADE BY GRANULOCYTES OF INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM • GENES ACTIVATED BY SOME ANTIGENS OR VIRUSES FORM DEFENSINS • SOME MAKE HOLES IN CELL WALLS AND MEMBRANES • COLLECTINS • PROTEINS VS. BACTERIA, VIRUSES AND YEASTS • ATTACK THE DIFFERENT SUGARS ON PATHOGEN MEMBRANES MAKING IT MORE EASILY PHAGOCYTIZED

  45. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: • GROUP OF PROTEINS IN FLUIDS REACT AS A CASCADE • BY ONE OF 2 PATHWAYS • CLASSICAL • ATTACHES TO ANTIBODY ATTACHED TO AN ANTIGEN • ALTERNATE • EXPOSURE TO ANTIGENS WITHOUT ANTIBODIES • STIMULATES INFLAMMATION ATTRACTS AND ENHANCES PHAGOCYTES

  46. student.ccbcmd.edu

  47. NATURAL KILLER CELLS • T LYMPHOCYTES • VS. CANCER CELLS AND VIRUSES • RELEASE PERFORINS ?

  48. INFLAMMATION • REDNESS, SWELLING, HEAT AND PAIN • HOW? • DUE TO PATHOGENS (MAINLY); HEAT, UV, ACIDS, BASES • WHITE BLOOD CELLS INCREASE: • FIRST ? • MONOCYTES BECOME MACROPHAGES • PUS ? • EXUDATE: WITH CLOTTING FACTORS RELEASE FIBRIN • FIBROBLASTS WALL OFF AREA TO INHIBIT SPREAD OF PATHOGENS/TOXINS

  49. PHAGOCYTOSIS • MOSTLY NEUTROPHILS AND MONOCYTES DIFFERENCE? • CHEMOTAXIS ? • MONOCYTES  MACROPHAGES: FREE OR FIXED ? • MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM/RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM

  50. student.ccbcmd.edu

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