Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Zero Liquid Discharge

1. Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Zero Liquid Discharge How Yong NG Centre for Water Research Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering National University of Singapore

2. Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) – Why? • Environmental compliance regulations get stricter each year • Sometimes the only viable means of meeting discharge restrictions is to eliminate discharge • Public scrutiny of the industry’s impact on the environment is growing • ZLD has a real potential for improving public relations with plant neighbours and government regulatory agencies • Water use needs to be minimized to allow continued industry growth. • ZLD is mainly about discharge, but a very real effect is a reduction of inlet water needs, by as much as 20 – 30%

3. Zero Liquid Discharge – Benefits & Costs • Costs: • Capital and operating costs associated with ZLD are higher than any other concentrate disposal method. • Significant Energy costs associated with the evaporation process. • High chemical costs associated with treatment following a second membrane process. • High costs associated with final brine or solids disposal. • Benefits (Mickley, 2006): • ZLD generally does not require a lengthy or tedious permitting process. • It may gain quick community acceptance. • It can be located virtually anywhere. • It represents a positive extreme in recycling, by efficiently using the water source. • Selective salt recovery is a promising consideration in approaching the goal of sustainability.

4. How to Achieve ZLD? Example: Step 1: Effluent after solvent recovery Recovery of solvents by using distillation process Step 2: Raw effluent from industry Removal of organic matter by using anaerobic digestion Step 3: Anaerobically treated effluent Removal of balance organic matter by using aerobic digestion Step 4: Treated effluent from ETP Clarification by using, tube settler/clariflocculator Step 5: Effluent after clarification Further reduction in TSS by using filters Step 6: Effluent after filters Reduction in turbidity and SDI by using ultrafiltration Step 7: Effluent after UF Recovery of low TDS permeate by using RO Step 8: High TDS reject from RO Concentration of RO rejects by using evaporators Step 9: Solids Extraction & Disposal Separation of salts from mother liquor using centrifuge/ dryer

5. Zero Liquid Discharge - Approaches Discharge to the plant process • Examples of ZLD technologies: • Recycle using Cold Lime Softening • Discharging to the Plant Process • Evaporation Ponds • Evaporation/Crystallization of Discharge Stream • Enhanced ZLD Process • Combination Thermal Process with ZLD • Enhanced Membrane and Thermal ZLD • Wind-Aided Intensified Evaporation (WAIV) • Dewvaporation • Salt Solidification and Sequestration • New Approaches Evaporation/Crystallization Process Evaporation pond Cold Lime Softening