Social Capital and HIV Prevention In a Puerto Rican Community:

1. Social Capital and HIV Prevention In a Puerto Rican Community: A Participatory Assessment of the Vida/SIDA Project University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health Maternal and Child Health Program, Health Research and Policy Centers & the Puerto Rican Cultural Center Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (rev.12/31/2003)

2. Project Goal To describe a community-driven response to the HIV/AIDS crisis using social capital terms and concepts. Objectives To understand community definitions of social capital. To describe the role of a CBO and it’s programs in fostering and enhancing social capital. To consider the processes by which CBO’s employ elements of social capital in organized efforts to improve community health e.g. HIV/AIDS. To understand how the participatory methods impacted the science as well as the researchers and community.

3. A multi-dimensional construct usually applied to describe communities and the relations among people who live there …those specific processes among people & organizations, working collaboratively in an atmosphere of trust, that lead to accomplishing a goal of mutual social benefit. (Kreuter et. al., 2001) What is Social Capital?

4. Role of Community-Based Organizations • Expression of the local ecology • Not just “community-placed” • Level where issues are identified/framed • Engaged in ongoing “struggle” • Strategies (programs or social action) are developed as a response to issues • Space for social interaction • Encourage community discourse about critical issues • Intersection of disparate social networks • Mechanisms created for shared awareness among community members • Linkages to the broader society

5. Procedures • Formation of Community Advisory Board • Case study criteria & nominated organizations • Develop instruments and interview manuals • CBO and community background information • Data collection • Discuss research ethics and methods; informed consent • Semi- Structured Interviews with CBO affiliates • Had manuals for leaders being interviewed • Tapes transcribed and translated • Data entry -Text entered into Atlas.ti -Coded at two levels within “families”; codebook created -3 way reliability

6. Process of Analysis • Five broad domains (organizational characteristics, community characteristics, organizational impact, community participation, action for change) • Collaborative, negotiated process • Triangulation of data • Community epidemiological data & organizational data • Semi-structured interview data • Ethnographic data (Puerto Rican community) • Iterative process with member checking • Researcher self-reflection • Co-creation of knowledge • Sharing methodology through community workshop • Discovery and validation of indigenous theories

7. Vida SIDA: A Program of the Puerto Rican Cultural Center (PRCC) • PRCC is an umbrella organization, founded to improve the quality of life and to promote the culture of the Puerto Rican people. • Vida SIDA is a community-driven response to HIV crisis • Has culturally tailored health education and testing services • Testing, peer education, outreach, condom distribution, advocacy, referrals • Creates positive social norms about preventing and living with HIV: “Vivir y ayudar a vivir” “To live and to help to live” Puerto Rican Cultural Center

8. Community Participation Efforts/Framing Participation:“…we always have youth involvement, when… we’re writing grants, or we’re creating murals, or… we’re doing posters. …we usually always meet with them and say ‘Does this work for you?’…like when we’re developing outreach forms.”P6:76 (1582:1588) Involvement: • “…It [VS] is a space that was created by the students of our high school.” P2:11 (96:98) Vida SIDA Facade Project Humboldt Park Performing

9. Organizational Characteristics Quality “…a good CBO, just like a good political program, just like a good scientific undertaking, must ultimately be premised on some social reality that people are articulating and in that process that we learn from that, and then from that … we give back (with clarity).” P 2:39 (828:833) “ How do you capture the essence of a CBO... I were to only assume that it’s heart is the community. You know, and how, how do you quantify that?” P5:100 (2161:2183) World AIDS Day Vigil Volunteer Neighborhood Cleanup

10. Community Characteristics Resident Attribute: • “…I think that’s the case for a lot of people where it’s really being a part of the community. Knowing more than just your neighbors but really taking the hand and cleaning it and helping others out some way or another. Being a familiar face.” P5:17 (368:373) Resident Attribute, Assets: • “I guess we just, you know, we know that as Puerto Ricans we’re strong but as Puerto Ricans and Mexicans we’re stronger.” P6:46 (1003:1006) West Entrance to Paseo Boricua Community Demonstration

11. Organization Impact Trust: • “…the community knows that [VS] has been here for a long time, and they know the faces [of] the workers. They know that although…I work at [VS], that I’m also in the neighborhood, that whether I’m working or I’m not working that I still say hello to them, I still ask them, ‘how are you doing?’ • …So I think that makes a big difference,…if someone knows that if they walk in at 6:00pm ….and I say I’m leaving and they say ‘can I get some condoms before you leave?’ I’m not going to leave. They know that I’ll open the door up and give them the condoms. And that’s the difference between this agency and any other agency that would be like ‘Oh, sorry it’s 6:00pm we’re closed.’ P6:26 (693:713)

12. Action for Change Defining Issues, Partnership, Advocacy: • “…And for instance in the Parade…we’re going to have the gay flag and … we’ve always invited other Latino gay organizations to be a part of it.…we’ve had obviously lots of people who have been a part of the Center who are gay or lesbian and being an intrinsic part of it. …being visible and equal in the whole democratic process but trying also to make the community see that…it’s also people in those other organizations are also willing to be seen in the community.” P5:89 (1961:1976) Governor Calderon and Congressman Gutierrez Annual Puerto Rican Peoples’ Parade

13. ¿Qué significa “Capital Social”?“What does “Social Capital” mean? La comunidad siempre ha entendido. The community has always understood • Social capital is mediated through a community’s cultural capital. • Both social and cultural capital are useful to understand how a locally driven health program was created and maintained. • Social capital can ensure that the local ecology is reflected in program content.

14. ¿Qué significa “Capital Social”?“What does “Social Capital” mean? • Community self-consciousness is a primary attribute for employing social capital for community development and health improvement. • The shared history and cultural capital foster trustworthy relationships among people and organizations. • Community- based organizations act as authentic agents of change by reflecting lived experience in the community and by consistently clarifying and validating the social realities of the people.

15. Limitations • 1 case study • Researcher-Community relationship • Perspective of consumers and residents • Cross-sectional look at organizational processes • Categories constructed with ties to outside influence. National project limited flexibility in constructing local study domains. • Limitations partially minimized by intensifying researcher and community participation

16. Conclusion • An understanding of local social capital concepts of trust, social connections, relationships & the role of CBOs requires an understanding of community history and culture. • Organizational qualities and community cultural characteristics were especially important to understand how social capital can be used to address critical health issues in the community, while contributing to community development. • CBO’s created from social capital processes can clarify health and other social issues in the community. This local asset is necessary for effective community-based health promotion.