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Chapter 7 Gases

Chapter 7 Gases. Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law) Temperature and Volume (Charles’ Law) Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac’s Law). Pressure and Volume. Experiment Pressure Volume P x V (atm) (L) (atm x L) 1 8.0 2.0 16

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Chapter 7 Gases

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  1. Chapter 7Gases Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law) Temperature and Volume (Charles’ Law) Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac’s Law)

  2. Pressure and Volume Experiment Pressure Volume P x V (atm) (L) (atm x L) 1 8.0 2.0 16 2 4.0 4.0 _____ 3 2.0 8.0 _____ 4 1.0 16 _____ Boyle's Law P x V = k (constant) when T remains constant P1V1= 8.0 atm x 2.0 L = 16 atm L P2V2= 4.0 atm x 4.0 L = 16 atm L P1V1 = P2V2 = k Use this equation to calculate how a volume changes when pressure changes, or how pressure changes when volume changes. new vol. old vol. x Pfactor new P old P x Vfactor V2 = V1 x P1 P2 = P1 x V1 P2 V2

  3. P and V Changes P1 P2 V1 V2

  4. Boyle's Law • The pressure of a gas is inversely related to the volume when T does not change • Then the PV product remains constant P1V1 = P2V2 P1V1= 8.0 atm x 2.0 L = 16 atm L P2V2= 4.0 atm x 4.0 L = 16 atm L

  5. PV Problem Freon-12, CCl2F2, is used in refrigeration systems. What is the new volume (L) of a 1.6 L sample of Freon gas initially at 50 mm Hg after its pressure is changed to 200 mm Hg at constant T?

  6. PV Calculation Prepare a data table DATA TABLE Initial conditions Final conditions P1 = 50 mm Hg P2 = 200 mm Hg V1 = 1.6 L V2 = ? ?

  7. Find New Volume (V2) Solve for V2: P1V2 = P2V2 V2 = V1 x P1 /P2 V2 = 1.6 L x 50 mm Hg = 0.4 L 200 mm Hg

  8. Learning Check GL1 A sample of nitrogen gas is 6.4 L at a pressure of 0.70 atm. What will the new volume be if the pressure is changed to 1.40 atm? (T constant) Explain. 1) 3.2 L 2) 6.4 L 3) 12.8 L

  9. Solution GL1 A sample of nitrogen gas is 6.4 L at a pressure of 0.70 atm. What will the new volume be if the pressure is changed to 1.40 atm? (T constant) 6.4 L x 0.70 atm = 3.2 L (1) 1.40 atm Volume must decrease to cause an increase in the pressure

  10. Learning Check GL2 A sample of helium gas has a volume of 12.0 L at 600. mm Hg. What new pressure is needed to change the volume to 36.0 L? (T constant) Explain. 1) 200. mmHg 2) 400. mmHg 3) 1200 mmHg

  11. Solution GL2 A sample of helium gas has a volume of 12.0 L at 600. mm Hg. What new pressure is needed to change the volume to 36.0 L? (T constant) Explain. 600. mm Hg x 12.0 L = 200. mmHg (1) 36.0 L Pressure decrease when volume increases.

  12. Charles’ Law V = 125 mL V = 250 mL T = 273 K T = 546 K Observe the V and T of the balloons. How does volume change with temperature?

  13. Charles’ Law: V and T At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly related to its absolute (K) temperature V1 = V2 T1 T2

  14. Learning Check GL3 Use Charles’ Law to complete the statements below: 1. If final T is higher than initial T, final V is (greater, or less) than the initial V. 2. If final V is less than initial V, final T is (higher, or lower) than the initial T.

  15. Solution GL3 V1 = V2 T1 T2 1. If final T is higher than initial T, final V is (greater) than the initial V. 2. If final V is less than initial V, final T is (lower) than the initial T.

  16. V and T Problem A balloon has a volume of 785 mL on a Fall day when the temperature is 21°C. In the winter, the gas cools to 0°C. What is the new volume of the balloon?

  17. VT Calculation Complete the following setup: Initial conditions Final conditions V1 = 785 mL V2 = ? T1 = 21°C = 294 K T2 = 0°C = 273 K V2 = _______ mL x __ K = _______ mL V1 K Check your answer: If temperature decreases, V should decrease.

  18. Learning Check GL4 A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 420 mL at a temperature of 18°C. What temperature (in °C) is needed to change the volume to 640 mL? 1) 443°C 2) 170°C 3) - 82°C

  19. Solution GL4 A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 420 mL at a temperature of 18°C. What temperature (in °C) is needed to change the volume to 640 mL? 2) 170°C T2 = 291 K x 640 mL = 443 K 420 mL = 443 K - 273 K = 170°C

  20. Gay-Lussac’s Law: P and T The pressure exerted by a confined gas is directly related to the temperature (Kelvin) at constant volume. P (mm Hg) T (°C) 936 100 761 25 691 0

  21. Learning Check GL5 Use Gay-Lussac’s law to complete the statements below: 1. When temperature decreases, the pressure of a gas (decreases or increases). 2. When temperature increases, the pressure of a gas (decreases or increases).

  22. Solution GL5 1. When temperature decreases, the pressure of a gas (decreases). 2. When temperature increases, the pressure of a gas (increases).

  23. PT Problem A gas has a pressure at 2.0 atm at 18°C. What will be the new pressure if the temperature rises to 62°C? (V constant) T = 18°C T = 62°C

  24. PT Calculation ? P1 = 2.0 atm T1 = 18°C + 273 = 291 K P2 = ? T2 = 62°C + 273 = 335 K What happens to P when T increases? P increases (directly related to T) P2 = P1 x T2 T1 P2 = 2.0 atm x K = atm K

  25. Learning Check GL6 Complete with 1) Increases 2) Decreases 3) Does not change A. Pressure _____, when V decreases B. When T decreases, V _____. C. Pressure _____ when V changes from 12.0 L to 24.0 L (constant n and T) D. Volume _____when T changes from 15.0 °C to 45.0°C (constant P and n)

  26. Solution GL6 A. Pressure 1) Increases, when V decreases B. When T decreases, V 2) Decreases C. Pressure 2) Decreases when V changes from 12.0 L to 24.0 L (constant n and T) D. Volume 1) Increases when T changes from 15.0 °C to 45.0°C (constant P and n)

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