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Staphylococcus Aureus : Do you know what you’re eating?. Katheryn Bruton Walden University MPH program Environmental Health Pubh 6165-5 Instructor: Stephen Arnold. Source: http://ssmmid.org/staphylococci/. 2. 1. Source: http://howshealth.com/staph-skin-infections-
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Staphylococcus Aureus:Do you know what you’re eating? Katheryn Bruton Walden University MPH program Environmental Health Pubh 6165-5 Instructor: Stephen Arnold Source: http://ssmmid.org/staphylococci/
2 1 Source: http://howshealth.com/staph-skin-infections- pictures-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/ Source: http://howshealth.com/staph-skin-infections-pictures-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/ 4 3 Source: http://www. buzzle.com/articles/staphylococcal-food-poisoning.html Source: http://ssmmid.org/staphylococci/
Staphylococcus and Our Health An Overview Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staph what?? Source - Fauci, Braunwald, et.al., 2008, p. 873 • One of the most common pathogens • Gram positive cocci that forms clusters • Exotoxins • Can live for a long time
Normal Human Flora Source: Microsoft Clip Art
Doctor, Doctor, I feel sick!! • Superantigens - Bind to MHC-II - Bind to T-cell receptor - Helprelease IL-2 and IFN-γ
TSST-1 • Fever • Nausea • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Rash • Muscle pain • Abdominal tenderness • Headache • Shock
Exfoliatin • Exfoliatin Toxin A (ETA) • Exfoliatin Toxin B (ETB) • Epidermal necrolysis
Exfoliatin cont… Source: http://www.jaskin.com/?p=485 King and Saint Victor, 2010, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788199-overview Source: King and Saint Victor, 2010, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788199-media • Staph Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) • Rash and Bullae • Fever, chills, weakness • Separation of the epidermis/peeling • Hematogenously spread • Rapid progression
Food Poisoning!! Enough about Toxic shock and scalded skin, what happens if I have food poisoning??
Transmission Food poisoning • Normal Flora • Human-human transmission • Wash your food and wash your hands!!
Enterotoxin Source – Personal photo from 2007 • Still an exotoxin • Released within the intestinal mucosa or basically in the gastrointestinal tract • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Pathogenesis • Ingestion of toxin-contaminated food • Enterotoxin resistant to hydrolysis and heat-stable at 100°C
Single meal • Early symptoms (30 min, 1-6 hrs, 12 hrs) • Intoxications instead of infections • Severity • # of organisms • status of the host
Problematic Foods Source – Rattray, 2010, Southern Food • Ice cream • Egg salad • Ham • Potato salad • Salted pork • Pastries filled with custard • Mayonnaise • Sausages
Acute symptoms • Symptoms appear within 12 hrs • No fever • Vomiting > diarrhea
Prevention: What can I do?? • First and foremost, wash your hands!! • People with skin infections should NOT prepare food • Proper refrigeration • Do not leave food at room temperature
By all means, cover your sneeze!! Source: Hazy, AD http://reddit.wired.com/submission_stop_action_photography/?s=top
Source: http://www.folksy.com/items/614361-CLEAR-ACRYLIC-PERSPEX-SNEEZE-GUARD-OR-FOOD-SCREEN • A sneeze guard
Treatment • Penicillin, clindamycin, cephalosporins?? • Rehydration • Rest • Loperamide aka Imodium D??
Government Regulations Centers for disease control and prevention Food and drug administration
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, 2010, Food Safety Office (FSO) http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/ • US Stats • 76 million illnesses • 300,000 hospitalized • > 5,000 die • Tracking is vital • Food Safety Office • Disability, sickness, and death • Interdepartmental, nation wide and international endeavors • Provides information and recommendations • Prevention and management • Liaisons with other US departments • Constant reviews and assessment
CDC cont… • Biological warfare • Enterotoxin B CDC. (2006). National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases: Division of Bacterial Diseases. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/staphylococcus_food_g.htm
Food and Drug Administration • Food protection plan • Prevention • Food facilities renewing registrations every 2 years • Overseas • Intervention • Inspections, sampling, risk • Imports • Response • Data collection, reporting and emergency response • Stakeholders • Media • Mandatory recall power FDA. (2009) http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodSafetyPrograms/FoodProtectionPlan2007/ucm132705.htm
Conclusion Handle your food properly & by all means Wash your hands
References • CDC, 2010, Food Safety Office (FSO) http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/ • Fauci, A., Braunwald, E., et.al. (2008). Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 17th edition. New York: McGraw Hill. • FDA. (2009) http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodSafetyPrograms/FoodProtectionPlan2007/ucm132705.htm • Hazy, AD. Cover your Sneeze. Retrieved from http://reddit.wired.com/submission_stop_action_photography/?s=top • King, R. and Saint Victor, P. (2010). Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome. Emedicine. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788199-overview • Rattray, D. (2010). Southern Food - Potato Salad with Peas. Image retrieved from http://southernfood.about.com/od/potatorecipes/ig/Potato-Salads/potatosalad-peas-3.htm