Socializationz

1. Chapter 4 Socialization

2. Socialization ■ A process by which people develop their human capacities and acquire a unique personality and identity and by which culture is passed from generation to generation.

3. Internalization ■ The process in which people take as their own and accept as binding the norms, values, beliefs, and language needed to participate in the larger community.

4. Harlow’s experiment ■ He took newborn Rhesus monkeys and them from their mothers. They were then observed on their choice between 2 robot monkeys, one with a soft covering and the other without covering but having food. The stimulus used was a loud siren and lights to scare the monkeys. separated

5. Harlow’s experiment concerning Human Baby. ■ The Harlow Monkey Experiments tested the bond between mother and child. Baby monkeys preferred a cloth "mother" that provided comfort over a wire "mother" that provided food. This showed that attachment is based nourishment. The cloth "mother" also provided a secure base, encouraging exploration. ■ Human babies have emotional needs such as affection, intimacy, and warmth. They have difficulty forming emotional ties with others if they do not get these things. more on comfort than

6. Role Taking ■ The process of stepping outside the self and imagining how others view its appearance and behavior imaginatively from an outsider’s perspective.

7. Stages of Role Taking ■ Children learn to take the role of others through three stages: preparatory, play, and games. ■ Each of these stages involves a progressively more sophisticated level of role taking.

8. The Preparatory Stage ■ In this stage, children have not yet developed the mental capabilities that allow them to role-take. ■ They may mimic or imitate people in their environment but have almost no understanding of the behaviors that they are imitating.

9. The Play Stage ■ Mead saw children’s play as the mechanism by which they practice role taking. ■ Play is a voluntary and often spontaneous activity, with few or no formal rules, that is not subject to constraints of time.

10. The Play Stage ■ In the play stage, children’s role taking comes from what they see and hear going on around them. ■ In the play stage, children pretend to be significant others —people or characters who are important in their lives, in that they have considerable influence on a child’s self-evaluation or encourage the child to behave in a particular manner.

11. The Game Stage ■ Games are structured, organized activities that usually involve more than one person and a number of established constraints concerning roles, rules, time, place, and outcome. ■ Games teach children to follow established rules, take the roles of all participants, and see how their position fits in relation to all other positions.

12. The Game Stage ■ Through playing games, children learn to organize their behavior around the generalized other —that is, around a system of expected behaviors, meanings, and viewpoints that transcend those of the people participating.

13. The Looking-Glass Self ■ The looking-glass self is a process in which a sense of self develops such that people see themselves reflected in others’ imagined reactions to their appearance and behaviors.

14. The Looking-Glass Self You want to impress a classmate and show them how smart you are. You prepare well for the next day’s lesson. ► Imagine how we appear to them: You participate in class discussion and have an image of your performance. ► Imagine the reactions of others to our (imagined) appearance: After you finish participating, you think your classmate is disappointed. ► Evaluate ourselves according to how we imagine others have judged us: You feel bad about yourself.

15. Types of Socialization ■ Primary socialization – socialization that occurs without the subject’s knowledge of it. ■ Secondary socialization – socialization that is purposeful and obvious. ■ Anticipatory socialization – socialization that prepares people for future roles and statuses.

16. Types of Socialization ■ Reciprocal socialization – when children socialize with parents as parents socialize with children. ■ Resocialization – the process of unlearning old norms, roles, and values, and learning new ones required in a new social environment.

17. Agent of socialization (Family) ■ The most important agent of socialization, because it stands at the center of children’s lives ■ Provides for basic needs, and teaches children skills, cultural values, and attitudes about themselves and others ■ Passes on to children a social position (places them in society in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, and class) ■ Socializes children into gender roles

18. Agent of socialization (School) ■ Schooling enlarges children’s social world to include people with social backgrounds different from their own ■ Formal schooling teaches children a wide range of knowledge and skills ■ School is the child’s first experience with bureaucracy ■ Socializes children into gender roles

19. Agent of socialization (Peer Group) ■ Provides young people the experience of developing social relationships on their own and establishing an identity apart from their family ■ Provides the opportunity to discuss interests not shared by adults ■ Provides a sense of belonging that eases the anxiety of breaking away from the family

20. Agent of socialization (Media) ■ Spreads information on a mass scale, and functions to connect people ■ Influences our attitudes and behavior through the images and messages it conveys ■ Mirrors our society’s patterns of inequality and rarely challenges the status quo ■ Reflects the values of the dominant culture