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This guide delves into essential literary terms, exploring the fundamental components of storytelling, including plot structure, character types, and conflict dynamics. Learn about key elements such as exposition, setting, protagonist, and antagonist, along with internal and external conflicts. It also covers various character depths—flat vs. round, static vs. dynamic—while discussing narrative techniques like point of view, foreshadowing, and irony. This comprehensive look at literary terminology enhances your appreciation of literature and storytelling mechanics.
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Plot – • series of events in a story
Exposition – • introduces the characters, setting (time and place), and conflict of a story
Setting – • time and place
Characters – • people, animals, or objects that participate in the action of a story
Protagonist – • usually the hero, has struggles in the story
Antagonist – • the person or force who struggles against the protagonist
Central Character - Main character
Lesser Character Minor character
Flat Character – • stereotype, one-sided personality
Round Character – • we see all sides of a character’s personality
Static Character – • stays the same in the story
Dynamic Character – • changes in the story (usually a change of mind about something)
Conflict – • the problems in the story
Internal Conflict – • problems with in a character (fears, emotions, doubts, ect.) man vs. himself
External Conflict – • outside obstacles in the story • Man vs. Man (society) • Man vs. Animal • Man vs. Nature (i.e. forces of nature)
Rising Action – • the escalating of the problem in the story
Climax – • the highest point of emotional intensity in the story and a change of direction in the action
Falling Action – • the de-escalation of the conflict
Resolution/Denouement – • the last moment of intensity in a story
Point of View – • how the story is told to the reader
1st Person Point of View – • usually by a character as the action is happening
3rd Person Limited Point of View – • usually by a narrator who does not know all of the characters’ motivations, thoughts, reasons, ect.
3rd Person Omniscient Point of View – • usually by a narrator who does know all the characters’ motivations , thoughts, reasons, ect.
Theme – • the central idea or message of a story
Foreshadowing – • hints or clues of things to come in the story
Flashback – • remembering an event that occurred before the action of the story being read started
Irony – • contrast between what you expect and what actually happens
Verbal Irony – • contrast between what is said and what is actually meant
Situational Irony – • contrast between what you expect and what actually happens – has to do primarily with “place” (ex. Hunter is caught in his own trap)
Dramatic Irony – • audience knows something that a character does not
Anticlimax – • a drop from the high and elevated to the trivial and ridiculous in the story
Symbolism – • a person or object representing something beyond itself
Allusion – • referring to a story or event that is outside of the story being read
Tone – • the author’s attitude toward his subject
Mood – • the atmosphere that the writer creates for the reader
Metaphor – • comparison of two unlike things not using “like” or “as”
Simile – • comparison of two unlike things using “like” or “as”
Hyperbole – • an over-exaggeration
Personification – • giving human characteristics to something non-human
Satire Corrective Ridicule
Parody - Imitation of serious things/works in a comical manner
Farce Comedy using highly exaggerated caricatured types of characters
Story with in a Story Frame Story
Stream of Consciencousness James Joyce, unbroken flow of perceptions, memories, thoughts, and feelings
Surprise Ending O. Henry, violates our expectations
Suspense Withholding information to create curiosity
