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Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Second Edition

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Second Edition. Chapter 9 System Initialization and X Windows. Objectives. Summarize the major steps necessary to boot a Linux system Configure the LILO and GRUB boot loaders Dual boot Linux with the Windows OS using LILO, GRUB, and NTLOADER

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Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Second Edition

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  1. Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Second Edition Chapter 9 System Initialization and X Windows

  2. Objectives • Summarize the major steps necessary to boot a Linux system • Configure the LILO and GRUB boot loaders • Dual boot Linux with the Windows OS using LILO, GRUB, and NTLOADER • Understand how the init daemon initializes the system at boot time into different runlevels Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  3. Objectives (continued) • Configure the system to start daemons upon system startup • Explain the purpose of the major Linux GUI components: X Windows, Window Manager, and desktop environment • List common Window Managers and desktop environments used in Linux • Configure X Windows settings using various Linux utilities Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  4. The Boot Process • POST: Series of tests run when computer is turned on • Ensures functionality of hardware • MBR: Defines partitions and boot loader • Normally located on first HDD sector • Boot loader: Program used to load an OS • MBR might contain pointer to a partition containing a boot loader on the first sector • Active partition: Partition pointed to by MBR • One per HDD Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  5. The Boot Process (continued) • /boot: Directory containing kernel and boot-related files • Vmlinuz-<kernel version>: Linux kernel file • Daemon: System process that performs useful tasks • e.g., printing, scheduling, OS maintenance • Init (initialize) daemon: First process started by Linux kernel • Loads all other daemons • Brings system to usable state Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  6. The Boot Process (continued) Figure 9-1: The boot process Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  7. Boot Loaders • Primary function: Load Linux kernel into memory • Other functions: • Passing information to kernel • Booting another OS • Two most common boot loaders: • Linux Loader (LILO) • GRand Unified Boot loader (GRUB) Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  8. LILO • Traditional Linux boot loader • Typically located on MBR • Allows choice of OS to load at startup • To configure, edit /etc/lilo.conf Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  9. LILO (continued) • append= keyword (in /etc/lilo.conf): Useful for manually passing information to Linux kernel • Can pass almost any hardware information • Format is hardware dependent • Must reinstall LILO if /etc/lilo.conf file altered • lilo command: Reinstalls LILO • -u option: Uninstall LILO Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  10. GRUB • More recent than the LILO boot loader • Stage 1: First major part of GRUB • Typically resides on MBR • Points to Stage 1.5 • Stage1.5: Loads filesystem support • Resides in /boot/grub • Stage2: Performs boot loader functions • Displays graphical boot loader screen • To configure, edit /boot/grub/grub.conf • Read directly by Stage 2 boot loader • HDDs and partitions identified by numbers • Format: (hd<drive#>,<partition#>) Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  11. GRUB (continued) Figure 9-3: GRUB boot loader screen Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  12. GRUB (continued) • GRUB root partition: Partition containing Stage 2 boot loader and grub.conf file • GRUB normally allows manipulation of boot loader • To prevent, enable password protection • grub-md5-crypt command: Generates encrypted password for use in grub.conf file • Can switch boot loader from GRUB to LILO at any time • grub-install command: Installs GRUB boot loader Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  13. GRUB (continued) Figure 9-4: Viewing help at the GRUB boot loader screen prompt Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  14. Dual Booting Linux • Only one OS may be used at a time • Boot loader may be configured to allow choice of OS at boot time Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  15. Using LILO or GRUB to Dual Boot other Operating Systems • Dual boot: Two or more OSs exist on HDD • Easiest if Linux installed after another OS • Allows installation program to detect other OS • Place appropriate entries in boot loader configuration file • LILO and GRUB cannot load Windows Kernel directly Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  16. Using LILO or GRUB to Dual Boot other Operating Systems (continued) Figure 9-5: Partitioning for a dual boot system Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  17. Using LILO or GRUB to Dual Boot other Operating Systems (continued) Figure 9-6: Configuring GRUB for a dual boot system Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  18. Using FIPS • Windows installers use entire HDD for Windows partitions • Leaves no space for Linux • First non-destructive Interactive Partition Splitter (FIPS): Resizes Windows partition • Preserves Windows OS on Windows partition • Creates space to install Linux Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  19. Using FIPS (continued) • Guidelines/limitations to using FIPS: • FAT16 and FAT32 filesystems only • Will only work with primary Windows partition • Windows partition split into two primary partitions • Need sufficient free space within existing Windows partition to allow Linux installation Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  20. Using a Windows Boot Loader to Dual Boot Linux • Specify location of GRUB or LILO in Windows boot loader configuration • NTLOADER: Boot loader available with Windows NT/2000/XP • At boot time, prompts for OS to boot • Able to load LILO or GRUB • Windows must be installed on first primary active partition • NTLOADER placed on MBR by default Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  21. Using a Windows Boot Loader to Dual Boot Linux (continued) Figure 9-7: Configuring GRUB to reside on a Linux partition Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  22. Using a Windows Boot Loader to Dual Boot Linux (continued) • When Linux installed, install GRUB on first sector of the partition • Avoids overwriting NTLOADER in MBR • After Linux installed: • Run Linux rescue utility • Make GRUB bootable image file (linboot.bin) • Reboot into Windows OS • Copy linboot.bin to C:\ • Configure NTLOADER configuration file Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  23. Using a Windows Boot Loader to Dual Boot Linux (continued) • Boot.ini: File used to configure NTLOADER • For NTLOADER to be able to boot Linux, must specify the path to linboot.bin Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  24. Using a Windows Boot Loader to Dual Boot Linux (continued) Figure 9-8: NTLOADER operating system choice screen at boot time Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  25. Linux Initialization • Kernel assumes control after Linux loaded • Executes first daemon process (init daemon) • /etc/inittab: Configuration file for init daemon Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  26. Runlevels • Runlevel: Defines number and type of daemons loaded into memory and executed • init daemon responsible for changing runlevels • Often called initstates • runlevel command: Displays current and most recent runlevel • init command: Change OS runlevel • telinit command: Alias to init command Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  27. The /etc/inittab File • Consulted to start or stop daemons • /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit: First script executed during system startup • Init hardware, set variables, check filesystems, perform system tasks for daemon loading • mingetty program: Displays login prompt on character-based terminals • /etc/rc.d/rc.local file: Performs post-system-startup tasks Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  28. The /etc/inittab File (continued) • /etc/rc.d/rc command: Executes all files starting with S or K in /etc/rc.d/rc*.d/ • Runlevel must be specified • e.g., /etc/rc.d/rc 5 will execute files in /etc/rc.d/rc5.d/ • Symbolic links to scripts that start daemons • S means “Start,” K means “Kill” Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  29. The /etc/inittab File (continued) Figure 9-9: The Linux initialization process Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  30. Configuring Daemon Startup • Most symbolic links in /etc/rc.d/rc*.d point to daemon executable files in /etc/rc.d/init.d • Most daemons accept arguments start, stop, restart • To add daemons to be automatically started: • Add executable to /etc/rc.d/init.d • Create appropriate links to /etc/rc.d/rc*.d • ntsysv utility: Modifies file entries in /etc/rc.d/rc*.d directories Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  31. Configuring Daemon Startup (continued) Figure 9-10: Results of ntsysv―level 5 command Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  32. The X Windows System: Linux GUI Components Figure 9-11: Components of the Linux GUI Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  33. X Windows • X Windows: Core component of Linux GUI • X client: Requests graphics from X server and displays them • Does not need to run on same computer as X Windows • X server: Draws graphics • XFree86: OSS version of X Windows • Originally intended for Intelx86 platform Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  34. Windows Managers and Desktop Environments • Window manager: Modifies look and feel of X Windows • Desktop environment: Works with a window manager to provide standard GUI environment • Uses standard programs and development tools • KDE and GNOME are most common Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  35. Windows Managers and Desktop Environments (continued) • K Windows Manager (kwm): Window manager that works under KDE • Qt toolkit: Software toolkit used with KDE • GNOME Desktop Environment: Default desktop environment in Red Hat Linux • Sawfish Window Manager • GTK+ toolkit • Xfce Desktop Environment: Consumes less hardware resources than KDE or GNOME Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  36. Windows Managers and Desktop Environments (continued) Figure 9-12: The KDE desktop Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  37. Windows Managers and Desktop Environments (continued) Figure 9-13: The GNOME desktop Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  38. Windows Managers and Desktop Environments (continued) Figure 9-14: The Xfce desktop Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  39. Windows Managers and Desktop Environments (continued) Figure 9-15: The Tab Window Manager Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  40. Starting and Stopping X Windows • runlevel 5 starts gdm • Displays graphical login screen • Allows user to choose the desktop environment or Window Manager • /etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf: Contains gdm configuration data • For runlevel 3: • Start gdm manually • Or, use startx command Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  41. Starting and Stopping X Windows (continued) Figure 9-16: The GNOME Display Manager Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  42. Starting and Stopping X Windows (continued) • startx command: start X Windows and Window Manager or desktop environment specified in .Xclients file in home directory • Usually points to .Xclients-default file • Edit .Xclients-defaults file to start other desktops or Window Managers on X Windows • Desktop Switching Tool: Change settings used in the .Xclients-default file from KDE or GNOME Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  43. Starting and Stopping X Windows (continued) Figure 9-17: The Desktop Switching Tool Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  44. Configuring X Windows • X Windows interfaces with video hardware • Requires information regarding keyboard, mouse, monitor, and video adapter card • Required video adapter card information: • Model • Amount of RAM • Chipset • Required monitor information: • Maximum resolution supported • Horizontal sync (hsync) range • Vertical sync (vsync) range Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  45. Configuring X Windows (continued) • Mouse, keyboard, monitor, and video adapter card information stored in a file • /etc/X11/xorg.conf: X.org implementation of X Windows • /etc/X11/XF86Config: XFree86 implementation of X Windows • mouseconfig and system-config-mouse commands: Configure mouse Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  46. Configuring X Windows (continued) Figure 9-18: Mouse configuration using mouseconfig Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  47. Configuring X Windows (continued) • system-config-keyboard command: Configure keyboard • system-config-display command: Configure video adapter card and monitor • xvidtune utility: Fine-tune the vsync and hsync of the video card Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  48. Configuring X Windows (continued) Figure 9-19: Keyboard configuration using system-config-keyboard Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  49. Configuring X Windows (continued) Figure 9-20: Configuring resolution and color depth using system-config-display Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  50. Configuring X Windows (continued) Figure 9-21: Configuring video card and monitor hardware using system-config-display Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

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