Epidermis Dermis Acne S ubcutaneous layer Dermatologist

2. Epidermis • Dermis • Acne • Subcutaneous layer • Dermatologist

3. Onion and rubber glove. How is either of these items a model for the structure or function of our skin?

4. The skin is made up of several layers, it is very thin, and offers protection from infection. • Your skin helps you stay healthy. • Skin may look simple, but like our demonstration, it is a complex organ and does many jobs. • Skin is the largest organ of your body. Your skin, unlike other organs (heart and lungs) can be seen.

5. There are three parts to the skin. • The outermost and visible layer of the skin is called the epidermis. The outermost cells of the epidermis are DEAD. • The layer of living cells beneath the epidermis that is thick is called the dermis. • Below the dermis is a layer of fat called the subcutaneous, which connects skin to bones and muscles and helps you keep warm.

6. Blood vessels, nerve endings-which give you a sense of touch, hair follicles, and glands are all found in the dermis. • Oil glands help keep the skin soft and waterproof. • Sweat glands secrete perspiration, which is released through tiny holes in your skin called pores. • Sweat is how your body cools off and helps eliminate some waste. These layers protect you from germs that could enter your body.

7. Draw and label a diagram of the skin • Under each label, write what each part of the skin does. Explain how each part of the skin helps people to stay healthy.

8. When you fall off your bike or get a paper cut (cut or puncture the skin), you are at risk for getting an infection. Proper skin care should be part of your daily routine. Here are some ways to keep your skin healthy. •Keep Your Skin Clean- Bathe or shower everyday with mild soap, will help get rid of bacteria and excess oils on your skin. If you wear makeup- USE non-greasy products and make sure to wash it off before you go to bed.

9. •Protect Your Skin From the Sun- Sun rays can cause premature aging and even skin cancer. Always wear sunscreen and protective clothing in the sun. For example, wear a hat to protect your eyes, ears, face, and neck from too much sun. Avoid sunlight or use EXTRA sunscreen between 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. How many of you go to the tanning bed? According to the Food and Drug Administration, the light used in tanning beds may cause skin cancer and damage to your immune system. Tanning beds are not safe. •Treat Your Skin Gently- Harsh scrubbing, squeezing, or picking blemishes can result in scars. Always administer appropriate first aid to cuts, scrapes, and burns.

10. Sometimes our glands can make too much oil and our pores can get clogged. • ACNE- is an inflammation of the skin that happens when pores get clogged with dirt and oil. • The bumps that develop are from acne are called pimples. • Many teens will experience acne. • Try not to stress, because stress can make acne worse.

11. Relieve stress in healthy ways to help keep your acne under control (get plenty of rest, drink plenty of water- 8 glasses a day, eat a balanced diet, will all help your skin get the nutrients it needs). • During puberty, hormones can over stimulate oil glands in the face, chest, neck, and back, resulting in clogged hair follicles and pores. • This clogged bacteria releases chemicals that may irritate the skin causing the bumps on the surface.

12. Minor acne can be treated with over-the-counter products and good hygiene. • Washing the face with mild soap and water every morning and evening. DO NOT scrub the skin. • Choose oil free hair care and cosmetics. • Keep your hand and hair away from the infected area. • Serious cases of acne should be seen by a dermatologist- a physician who treats skin disorders.

13. Cold Sores- These are small blisters or sores near or on the lip caused by herpes simplex virus 1. They will usually go away in 10-14 days, but will spread if they are scratched. Do not let anyone touch the sore and ALWAYS wash your hands after touching them. • Warts- These are small growths on the skin caused by a virus and can be spread to others by touch. Over-the-counter medicines might help over time, or the wart may go away on their own. If not, see a doctor about treatment.

14. The sun can harm your skin, so try to keep your skin safe from too much sun. • Sun burns can be caused by the ultraviolet light (UV) rays in the sunshine, and damage skin. • UVB rays are usually the cause of sunburns, while UVA rays contribute to skin aging, but can also cause sunburn. • Both can cause skin cancer and wrinkles. • Best way to protect yourself: use sunscreen of SPF 15 ( 15 times 15 minutest) or higher and wear protective clothing. • Protecting your skin during teen years will help you look and feel better for years to come.

15. Anytime the skin is punctured, you risk infection because pathogens (germs) can now enter the body. • Even if a tattoo or piercing is performed under sterile conditions, the skin is open to germs until it can heal. • Tattoos may cost $50 to get, but $1,000 dollars to remove. • Tattoo equipment and studios may look clean, but maybe unsanitary. • Non sterile needles and equipment may cause infections, allergic reactions, or worse- contract Hepatitis B or C from needles or the ink. • People who apply tattoos do not have a special education or license.

16. Exit Slip- Do you use any type of sun tan product? What factors influence your decisions to use or not to use a particular product? Will your habits change after this lesson? If you were to get a tattoo- would you be proud of the tattoo years from now? How could it work against you when you look for a job? • Homework- Pretend you are preparing for a day at the beach. Make a list of the items to include in your beach bag.

18. Dandruff • Head lice • Cuticle • Hangnail • Ingrown toenail

19. Count the number of ads you see from television, newspaper, radio, magazines, billboards, or other places for hair care products. Then tell me in a paragraph why you think there are so many ads for hair care products and how being exposed to this many ads may affect a person who sees them.

20. Hair grows from follicles on almost every part of your skin. • Hair is made of material called keratin. • Keratin’s strength allows hair to stick out from the surface of the skin. This helps you in two ways. ---It helps trap air near the skin. This helps to keep you warm. Hair also helps you sense the world around you. ---If something touches your hair, it lets you know through the nerve endings that something is close. (Gently touch your eyelash to see how hair helps with your sense of touch).

21. The same hormones that contribute to acne can affect your hair. • An oil gland is attached to each strand of hair. • Normally, the oils make hair shiny and attractive. • During puberty however, the oil glands can secrete too much oil, making the hair look and feel greasy.

22. •Wash your hair with a gentle (mild) shampoo and warm water frequently (at least TWICE a week) to not hurt or dry out your scalp. •Let your hair air dry when you can, the heat from the blow dryers can rob your hair of oils and make it look rough and dry •Brush or comb your hair a few times a day to remove dirt ( use a soft brush and brush gently). •Avoid dyes, permanent, and hair spray that can damage hair. Some styling gels and conditioners can build up on hair making it look and feel greasy. Avoid preparations that contain alcohol and can dry out your hair. Keeping your hair neat and clean can help it stay healthy. Trimming and brushing your hair helps keep it neat.

23. A dry scalp can make flaky, dried clumps of dead cells called dandruff. • It can often be controlled with a special shampoo, but if the problem persists, see a doctor. • You may have a skin infection or scalp condition. • An itchy scalp is another common problem. • It may be caused by head lice. • Head lice are small insects that live on the scalp and suck blood. Lice lay eggs on hair shafts. • Special shampoos can help a person get rid of lice, but it’s best to avoid lice in the first place. • Make sure to wash all items that have touched your head, such as, bedding, towels, and hats. DO NOT share hats, combs, brushes, or any other items that can transfer lice to you.

24. Nails grow from nail beds that grow out of the skin’s dermis, between the base of your nail and the knuckle closest to it. • Like your hair, your nails are made of keratin. • The keratin in nails forms hard layers, helping to protect sensitive ends of fingers and toes. • Around the base of each nail is a fold of epidermis called the cuticle. • The cuticle may become dry and cracked, causing it to be painful. • Using lotion on your hands help your cuticles stay soft and healthy. • Taking care of your nails and cuticles is important for your appearance and your health. • Fingernails help with every day tasks, such as, picking up a pin or scratching an itch.

25. Keeping your fingernails and toenails cleaned and trimmed is important. • Germs and dirt collect under nails. • Even when you cannot see bugs and bacteria, THEY ARE TEHRE! • When washing your hands, carefully clean underneath your fingernails with a brush. • When you bathe, make sure your toenails are clean. • Because germs collect under your nails, biting them is not healthy.

26. Instead, use a nail clipper or pair of scissors to trim your nails. When trimming, make sure to do it neatly. • Some minor problems can affect nails. • A hangnail may occur which is a split in the cuticle along the edge of the fingernail. • If you carefully cut away the broken skin, then the cuticle should heal in a few days. • An ingrown toenail is a condition in wish the nail pushes into the skin on the side of the toe. • This can happen if you cut your toenails in a curve rather than straight across, or if you wear shoes that are too tight. • If the toe becomes inflamed or sore, see a doctor because it may be infected.

27. Write a short skit at your table to be performed for the class on a person who has lost their nails. Do not tell me HOW they lost their nails, but HOW the loss OF the nails affect their life now.

28. Exit Slip- Which daily tasks would be difficult without fingernails. Explain.

30. •Plaque •Cavity •Periodontium •Orthodontist •Gingivitis •Periodontal disease

31. Just like our fingers, teeth have nerve endings too. • There are sensitive nerve endings around our fingers. • The nerve endings of our teeth are inside the tooth, in the pulp. • The pulp is protected by the dentin and the enamel. • What are the benefits of having unprotected nerve endings on fingers, but heavily protected nerve endings in teeth?

32. Your mouth, teeth, and tongue play an important role in your health and appearance. They allow you to taste and digest food, speak, and make positive impressions on others. •Taste- Food touches taste buds on your tongue and sends a signal to the brain. The brain tells you whether the food was salty, sweet, sour, or bitter. •Digesting- This begins in your mouth. Your teeth and tongue break food into smaller pieces and the salvia moistens the food and starts to change it chemically.

33. •Speaking- The constant and vowel sounds you make are formed by precise placement of the tongue, lips, teeth, and other parts of the mouth. Figure out which parts of the mouth are used to make the following letter sounds: (f,l,p,w,m,n) What would it be like if someone could not make their lips meet while communicating? What does that difficulty suggest about the relationship of the mouth, to the process of speaking? •Appearance- Your teeth and mouth say a lot about who you are. Healthy and clean teeth tell others that you care about yourself and your appearance.

34. Different types of teeth perform different functions. • The incisors in the front of your mouth, cut and tear food while molars in the back of your mouth, do the major work of chewing food. • There are three main parts of the tooth: the crown, the neck, and the root. • Each tooth is also made up of enamel, dentin, pulp, and cementum.

35. When you look at your teeth, you only see the part that grows out from the gums. • The shiny, white portion of the tooth is called the crown. • It is white and hard because it is covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the body. • The area around a tooth is called the periodontum, a structure made up of the jawbone, gums, and connectors called ligaments. • This structure supports the teeth.

36. You should take care of problems with your teeth and gums as soon as possible. • If not, small problems may become big ones. • Your gums should be bright and pink and free from sores. • Check them daily in the mirror. • One of the most common tooth problems is- plaque. • This is a mixture of bacteria, salvia, and food particles. • It is very sticky and binds the enamel of your teeth. • The bacteria and acid found in plaque can cause bad breath, and cavities.

37. This is the gradual wearing of the enamel and dentin layers. • If you don’t clean food off your teeth after eating, bacteria in the mouth will turn sugars in the food into acid. • Tooth enamel is one of the hardest substances in your body, but acid can eat holes in it. • A cavity is a hole in your tooth made by acids. • A cavity begins when plaque forms on your tooth. • The bacteria in the plaque make acids from food particles.

38. The plaque keeps the particles close to the enamel of the teeth. • You probably won’t feel anything at first. • Then the decay will reach the dentin, and finally the pulp. • Once it reaches the sensitive nerves inside, you will get a toothache. • Visit a dentist right away. • Tooth decay and cavities are one of the most preventable diseases in the United States. • Some dental problems are inherited, but GOOD HABITS and visits to the dentist can usually overcome them.

39. •Brush and Floss your teeth after eating and before bedtime. Bacteria works rapidly, so it is important to remove food particles after eating. If you can’t brush after each meal, rinse your mouth with water. •Choose snack wisely. Raw veggies, plain yogurt, and fruits are good choices. Avoid snacks high in sugar, sodas, hard, and sticky candies. •Protect your teeth when you play sports. Wear a mouth guard. •Get regular check ups. A dentist and dental hygienist can clean your teeth and spot signs of tooth decay and gum disease before they become a problem.

40. There are over 400 species of bacteria in the mouth. Not all are harmful. • Bad breath, is often caused by failing to clean the teeth adequately. • Other causes of bad are tooth decay, tobacco, and upset stomach. • Tongue brushing and mouthwash use are important for controlling bad breath. • Gingivitis, is a common disorder in which the gums are red and sore and bleed easily. • This is the first stage of gum disease, and it can be cured with good oral hygiene. • Left untreated, gum disease can result in receding gum lines and tooth loss. • Advanced gum disease, in which the periodontium is infected is called periodontal disease. • Most adult tooth loss is the result of periodontal disease.

41. Where does plaque begin to develop? • What is the progression from food deposit to a cavity. • Describe the process taking place in each step and identify each layer of the tooth affected by each step of decay.

42. Brush the outside of your teeth using small circular or side-to-side strokes • Brush the chewing surfaces • Brush the inside surfaces • Brush the tongues and rinse with mouthwash or water • Try to brush after each meal • Brush before going to bed • Brush in between teeth • Brush your gums

43. Wrap about 18 inches of floss around the middle finger of each hand • Grip the floss tightly between thumb and forefinger • Slide the floss back and forth between teeth toward the gum line until it touches your gum line. • Forming a C with the floss around each tooth, slide the floss back and forth as you move it up and down the side of the tooth. Do the same for all of your teeth. • This helps to get trapped particles in between teeth

44. Plaque Attack • Gum Stimulator Activity

45. For many adolescents, the teen years are when braces are applied to correct crooked or poorly aligned teeth. • The main cause is heredity, but thumb sucking and tooth loss can also cause teeth to not line properly. • An orthodontist is a dentist who prevents or corrects problems with the alignment or spacing of teeth. • Orthodontists recommend braces which provide steady pressure on the teeth to gently move them into desired positions

46. Create a skit at their table about a character who suffers from a dental problem. The problem could be developing a cavity, loosing a tooth, or getting braces. The story should address how the problem occurred, what the character did to solve the problem, and how having the problem affected his or her life before it was corrected.

48. Cornea • Iris • Pupil • Lens • Retina • Optometrist • Ophthalmologist

49. Picture Time

50. Your eyes are your window to the world. • They help to distinguish shapes, colors, movement, and light. • It is through your eyes that you gain most of your knowledge. • Your eyes are covered by your eyelids. • The eyelids protect your eyes and bathe them in tears to remove dust and harmful bacteria. • Light first passes through the cornea- clear, protective structure at the front of the eye.