Exploring the Origins of Ideas Through Observational Research

2. Where do our ideas come from?

3. Make Your Own Observations • Take 10 minutes to observe people outside • Come up with 3 research questions • Write down the 3 questions on a piece of paper • Write down the observation that led to these question OBSERVATION QUESTION

4. Make Your Own Observations • What did you come up with? OBSERVATION QUESTION

5. What's next? • Plausibility stage • Is the idea worthy of actual testing? • Acceptability stage • Mold the plausible idea into a working hypothesis

7. Statistics

8. Correlation

9. Positive Correlation

10. Positive Correlation

11. Positive Correlation r = 1.00

12. Positive Correlation . . . . . r = .64

14. Negative Correlation

15. Negative Correlation r = - 1.00

16. Negative Correlation . . . r = - .85 . .

18. Zero Correlation

19. Zero Correlation . . . . . r = .00

20. Correlation Coefficient • The sign of a correlation (+ or -) only tells you the direction of the relationship • The value of the correlation only tells you about the size of the relationship (i.e., how close the scores are to the regression line) • Correlations and cause and effect

21. Excel Example

22. Which is a bigger effect? r = .40 or r = -.40 How are they different?

23. Practice • Do you think the following variables are positively, negatively or uncorrelated to each other? • Alcohol consumption & Driving skills • Miles of running a day & speed in a foot race • Height & GPA • Forearm length & foot length

24. Project I – Data Entry and Analysis

26. Practice • 1) Complete Questionnaire #1 • Do you like going to art museums? • Do you talk to a lot of different people at parties? • What time did you wake up this morning (the hour)?

27. Big-Five Inventory • Big-Five Inventory

29. E 1, 11, 16, 26, 36 R 6, 21, 31 A 7, 17, 22, 32, 42 R 2,12, 27, 37 C 3, 13, 28, 33, 38 R 8, 18, 23, 43 N 4, 14, 19, 29, 39 R 9, 24, 34 O 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 44 R 35, 41 R 1 = 5 2 = 4 3 = 3 4 = 2 5 = 1

30. Agreeableness Trust Straightforwardness Altruism Compliance Modesty Tender-mindedness Obi-Wan Kenobi -- This loyal, kind, and honorable young Jedi is a good man. Emperor Palpatine -- An evil, power hungry tyrant, he is manipulative, evil, and ruthless.

31. Extraversion Warmth Gregariousness Assertiveness Activity Excitement seeking Positive emotions Lando Calrissian -- An energetic, sociable man. He is adventure seeking, talkative, and socially skilled. Wampas -- reclusive creatures of the ice planet Hoth. They are rarely seen & generally shy, leading a solitary existence

32. Competence Order Dutifulness Achievement striving Self-discipline Deliberation Conscientiousness Admiral Ackbar -- This rebel Admiral is renowned for his great powers of organization, responsibility, and administrative abilities. He is individual who can be relied upon. Han Solo -- This disheveled and scruffy smuggler leads a reckless and haphazard life, with little respect for rules and procedures.

33. Neuroticism Anxiety Angry hostility Depression Self-consciousness Impulsiveness Vulnerability Princess Leia -- A confident & calm individual who does not crack under pressure (e.g.,. when being threatened by Lord Vader). She is brave and relaxed, even when in great danger (e.g., when disguising herself as a bounty hunter to gain access to Jabba the Hutt’s palace). Tusken warriors -- These inhabitants of Tatooine are unpredictable, temperamental, and excitable, and known to be especially moody.

34. Openness to Experience Fantasy Aesthetics Feelings Actions Ideas Values Yoda -- This wise, philosophical, and thoughtful Jedi master challenges the establishment, encouraging his pupils to unlearn what they have learned and see the world in novel, creative ways. C-3PO -- This droid versed in political protocol of thousands of cultures is governed by rules and prefers not to meddle with the ways and traditions of his hosts.

35. The Big Five • Also known as the Five-Factor Model • Extraversion • Agreeableness • Conscientiousness • Neuroticism • Openness to Experience • OCEAN

36. Next Collect data Enter data Analyze data =CORREL(Array1, Array2) =CORREL (A2:A9, G2:G9)

38. Observational Research • Steps • 1) Limit your observations • What do you want to do? What is your hypothesis? • 2) Figure out how to code your observations • Will you use a videotape, questionnaire, EAR, etc.? • 3) Collect your data • Just do it! • 4) Create a coding system • How will you quantify your data? • 5) Analyze your data • What do the data tell you?

39. Observational Research • Types of Observational Research • Laboratory Research • Internet Research • Naturalistic Research

41. Observational Research in the Laboratory • Pros: • Controlled environment • Can control for extraneous variables (random assignment) • Cons: • Not realistic

42. Outline • Observational Research in the Laboratory • 1) Examples of observational lab research • 2) P II: Single behavior studies • 3) P III: Multiple behavior studies

43. Observational Research • Steps • 1) Limit your observations • What do you want to do? What is your hypothesis? • 2) Figure out how to code your observations • Will you use a videotape, questionnaire, EAR, etc.? • 3) Collect your data • Just do it! • 4) Create a coding system • How will you quantify your data? • 5) Analyze your data • What do the data tell you?

44. During interpersonal interactions how does the behavior of a person affect the behavior of another person?

46. Concrete examples

47. Abstract examples

48. Interpersonal Theory • Leary’s complementarity • Interpersonal behaviors tend to initiate or invite reciprocal interpersonal behaviors from the “other” person in the interaction • Act the same on “warmth” • Warmth encourages warmth • Coldness encourages coldness • Act the opposite on “dominance” • Dominance encourages submission • Submission encourages dominance

49. Method • Participates • 79 males; 79 females

50. Tasks • Each participant interacted in three different situations with an opposite sex stranger