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MUSIC OF INDIA

MUSIC OF INDIA. BASIC FACTS: South Asia 2 nd most populous country in world Birthplace of 4 major religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism) Official languages: Hindi, English and 21 other languages Was British colony until independence in 1947 Over 5,000 years of recorded history

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MUSIC OF INDIA

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  1. MUSIC OF INDIA

  2. BASIC FACTS: • South Asia • 2nd most populous country in world • Birthplace of 4 major religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism) • Official languages: Hindi, English and 21 other languages • Was British colony until independence in 1947 • Over 5,000 years of recorded history • Largest film industry in the world; great source of popular music

  3. Indian Music • Carnatic vs. Hindustani classical traditions (music and dance) • Raga and Tala • Improvisation and Composition

  4. Indian Instruments SITAR SAROD TAMBURA

  5. Indian Instruments TABLA MRIDANGAM

  6. Sound Sample • CD 2/20 “Engal Kalyanam” (Our wedding) • 1969, from Tamil film • CD 2/21 “ Devi Niye Tunai” • Classical song (kriti) by 20th cent. Composer (singer, mridangam, in Tamil) • Medium and fast gats (sitar, tabla) • Ghazal, by Zasar (vocal, tabla) (poetic form, “light classical music”

  7. Indian Classical Ensemble

  8. RAGA • Series of pitches • Rules for ornamentation • Rules for ascending • Rules for descending • Associated with mood, time of day and • North India 200 ragas • South India 72 main, several secondary

  9. Raga Basant

  10. TALA • Fixed metrical cycle consisting of shorter units, often of unequal length • Basis for improvisation for soloist and drummer • Audience participates by counting time with hands

  11. Ata Tala Ata tala 5 + 5 + 2 + 2 = 14 beats • 2 3 4 5 /6 7 8 9 10/11 12 /13 14// Clap * * * * Clap * * * * Clap Wave Clap Wave Tintal: 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16 Clap 234/ clap 234 /wave234 /clap234 Sound example: “Medium and fast gats in raga Yaman and tintal” EXC CD 1/1

  12. The Kriti • Most well known form of Carnatic music • Originally vocal with religious texts • Modern kriti repertoire composed in 18th-19th cents. Saint Tyagaraja (1757-1847)

  13. Kriti Structure • Alapana (improvised opening, introduces the raga) • 3 sections (no breaks): • Pallavi: opening section and “refrain” • Anupallavi: introduces secondary theme, moves towards climax • Caranam: final section (may be relaxed or may be virtuosic restatement of previous material)

  14. “Banturiti” by Tyagaraja • Voice, violin, mridingam • Raga: Hamsanadam (c e f# g b) • Adi Tala (4 + 2 + 2) • Clap 2 3 4 / clap wave /clap wave

  15. “Devi Niye Tunai” by Papanasam Sivan (20th cent.) • Voice, mridangam • Raga: Keervani • Tala: Adi Tala (4 + 2 + 2) • To the goddess Devi (with the fish-shaped/always open eyes)

  16. Sarasiruha • Pallavi: “O Mother who loves the lotus seat,” • Anupallavi: “Save me who have taken refuge in you!” • Charanam: “Complete Being, who holds a book in her hand which bestows all dominion.”

  17. “Sarasiruha” by Pulaiyar Doraismy (19th cent.) • Instrumental but based on song with words • Vina, mridangam • Raga Natai: ancient raga associated with god Shiva in form of Lord of the Dance • Adi Tala • Alapana/Tanam//Pallavi/Anupallavi/ Caranam

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