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Migration to Virginia

Migration to Virginia. Role of England. England weak, politically and economically in comparison to Spain. Henry VII had sponsored John Cabot’s voyages to Canada 1497, lost interest when NW passage not discovered.

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Migration to Virginia

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  1. Migration to Virginia

  2. Role of England • England weak, politically and economically in comparison to Spain. • Henry VII had sponsored John Cabot’s voyages to Canada 1497, lost interest when NW passage not discovered. • Lack of political will, and military capacity to challenge Spain before later 16thC • But- dry run for colonial expansion in Ireland

  3. Ireland • Ireland conquered by Normans, but gradually England lost control. • Tudors show renewed interest. • Major military expeditions during Elizabethan period, led by soldiers & adventurers. • Followed up by colonizers, • especially those seeking large land holdings, use of Gaelic Irish as serfs, • frequent atrocities and brutality towards Irish • seen as Catholic, barbaric, sub-humans. • About 200,000 migrants from GB to Ireland 1600-1670, twice number who went to America

  4. Ireland as a blueprint • Financed by Joint Stock Companies, same as would finance American colonies • Use of promotional literature to popularize colonization • Attitudes towards native peoples similar • Many of the individuals involved in Irish colonization later involved in American colonization • e.g. • Richard Grenville, • Humphrey Gilbert, • Walter Raleigh.

  5. English Imperial Ambitions • Motivation: envy of Spanish treasure from America; wealth helped Spain become most powerful nation; • English policy to break the Iberian monopoly on America due to fear that American wealth, after Henry VIII's split with Rome (1534), could be used against them. • English government sanctioned privateering operations against Spanish. Capturing Spanish treasure ships bringing gold & silver from New World.

  6. By 1580 increasingly dangerous to prey on Spanish shipping - suggestion that American base needed. • Idea that American colonies would also ease English reliance on southern Europe for citrus fruits, silks, and vines. • Importance of Propaganda, • Richard Haklyut. • 1st patent to settle in America granted to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, half brother to Walter Raleigh, permitted him to settle anywhere between Florida and Northern Canada

  7. Early British Attempts • Initially England was not successful • Martin Frobsier • Searching for gold and a northwest passge • 3 failed journeys between 1576-1578

  8. Humphrey Gilbert • Attempted to settle in Newfoundland – failed, Gilbert dies at sea • John Hawkins and Francis Drake • Successful in the Caribbean But as pirates not settlers • But by 1580 England still had no permanent settlement in Americas

  9. Roanoke • Three English voyages to settle North America in 1580s. • The first landed at Roanoke Island, North Carolina on July 13th, 1584, • short lived military expedition which found that the land was suitable for both cultivation and defence, • returned home to England with 2 local Indians, Manteo & Wanchese.

  10. Roanoke Island

  11. 1585-6, 2nd English Voyage • under Ralph Lane, discovered Chesapeake Bay, ideal as naval base. • Noted for the oil paintings of John White and the descriptions of Thomas Hariot. • But, young male adventurers, with ambitions of land and wealth, not ideal colonists.

  12. Indian relations deteriorated, food supply from Indians cut off • Drake arrived summer 1586, seeking re-supply, ends up providing food for colonists, eventually agrees to return them to England

  13. The Lost Colony • Third voyage 1587: very different from previous ones • most colonists farmers not soldiers, & came in family groups. • Clearly intended to be a permanent settlement, self-sustaining and self-reproducing. • John White = Governor, returned to England for more supplies, leaving daughter and grand-daughter, Virginia Dare, at Roanoke. • Unable to return until 1590 due to Spanish Armada, since all ships diverted to defence of realm. • When finally arrives, found settlement abandoned, colonists never seen again. • Most likely attacked by Indians, survivors absorbed into tribes.

  14. Importance of Roanoke • 3 voyages saw evolution of colonising thought • Roanoke seen as • A base for privateering, • Then a place where valuable raw materials could be shipped to England, • Third voyage aimed to settle permanently.

  15. The lessons of Roanoke were clear: • no colony could exist without full support from mother country for at least the first few years of existence; • clear goals were needed • good relations with the Indians were necessary • Put this together and what was needed was • Order • Order would give control and allow for a structure

  16. Although beginning of cracks in strict hierarchy • Still a rigid concept • Heading to the unknown there was a need to reinforce it

  17. Two examples of understanding of English order • All things bright and beautiful,All creatures great and small,All things wise and wonderful:The Lord God made them all. • Each little flower that opens,Each little bird that sings,He made their glowing colors,He made their tiny wings. • The rich man in his castle, • The poor man at his gate, • He made them, high or lowly, • And ordered their estate.

  18. Into this stepsJohn Smith • Born 1580 in England • left home at age 16 after his father died • Began travels France fighting for Dutch independence from Spain. • Two years later, Mediterranean Sea, working on a merchant ship • 1600 joined Austrian forces to fight the Turks • promoted to Captain while fighting in Hungary

  19. This is the moment were Smith fights and defeats • 3 Turkish champions

  20. Transylvania 1602 • wounded in battle, captured, and sold as a slave to a Turk. • Turk sent Smith as a gift to his sweetheart in Istanbul • Girl fell in love with him • sent him to brother to get training for Turkish imperial service.

  21. Escaped by murdering the brother • Returned to Transylvania through Russia and Poland • Released from service • Received large reward • Traveled Europe and Northern Africa • Returned to England in the winter of 1604-05.

  22. After Roanoke • 20 year wait for colonisation to restart • Nothing possible until succession decided, too much uncertainty • James I (1603-25) ends war with Spain 1604. • Ends profits from privateering • Leads to reconsideration of colonisation • Importance of getting a charter, royal sanction/support • sets out claims, regardless of other powers • 1606 charters given to • Virginia Company of London and Virginia Company of Plymouth to settle between 34 and 45 degrees N latitude, (NC to Maine)

  23. Grant to Virginia Co.

  24. The Virginia Company • Basically made up of merchants • charter talks of trade and bringing Christianity to natives. • Needs colonists as • traders • potential soldiers to defend against Spanish • Offers free land for settlers • 144 young men to go on first voyage on board 3 ships (Godspeed, Discovery and Susan Constant) • Arrives Jamestown May 1607

  25. James Fort

  26. Migrants • Before 1618 all migrants: • Male • Most under 25 • Free land offered • obvious draw to poor, as well as to younger sons of gentry, • i.e. those with little prospect of riches in England • Main motivation • economic, seeking fortune and status • many migrants see Virginia as temporary home

  27. Importance of indentured labour • Main source of labour in Virginia before 1680 • People were ‘sold’ for number of years in return for passage. • Possibility of land at end of service. • Problems of flight • seen as form of slavery,

  28. Campbell / Galensonhistorical debate over social status • Were migrants ‘middling people’ or ‘common sort’ ? • Problem source materials • mainly from 1650s • incompleteness of data • Probably reflected English population • mainly poor (farmers, labourers, artisans), but not the truly destitute • A few merchants, aristocrats, or wealthy people

  29. Suggestion religion had role in colonisation • Mentioned in charter • Used as recruitment tactic • But little attention paid by colonists once there. • Authority derived from either tradition (elders), law (officials) or charisma (dictators) • First church built in 1639 • 32 years after arrival • Rebuilt in 1907 on original spot

  30. A quick word about dates • People often say America began with the Pilgrim Fathers • As you know James Town was founded in 1607 • New England in 1620 • Thirteen years earlier • But did you also know…. • The first Africans were taken to James Town in 1619 • This means African-Americans were settlers in America before the Pilgrims

  31. Problems of Authority • Virginia has crisis of authority • first two governors lose control quickly • can’t prevent a high death toll amongst early settlers • only 38 of 144 original migrants still alive in Nov 1607. • Solved by John Smith • elected Gov in Dec 1608 • introduced system of Martial Law • moved colony inland • learned survival techniques from Indians • reduced death rate.

  32. Capt John Smith

  33. ‘The Starving Time’ • New fleet arrives June 1609, brings 900 new settlers. • Smith ousted, and returns to England • No effective leadership during harsh winter of 1609-10 • lack of planning – no food stockpiled • widespread starvation • some cannibalism. • Spring 1610 only 60 survivors • Decide to return to England • Prevented by arrival of new Governor Lord De La Warre • Virginia on edge of extinction

  34. Laws Divine, Moral and Martial • De La Warre, formally introduces the Laws DMM in 1611 • similar to Smith’s martial law • Very strict, aims to control populace • all to work collectively for survival of colony • Begins to deter potential colonists • Widespread attachment to ‘rights of Englishmen’ • Response of Virginia Co • House of Burgesses • First elected body in North America, July 1619 • Again before Pilgrims • Virginia Co charter revoked 1624, becomes royal colony

  35. Economic Development • No economic purpose to early settlement • 1612 planting of Trinidadian tobacco by John Rolfe. • Rapid growth of production • 2,000 lbs in 1615 • 1.5m lbs 1629 • Vast wealth possible • high prices by 1620 meant single farmer with no extra labour could make £200/yr profit. • Also cause of instability.

  36. Tobacco Pipes

  37. Indians • Problems with Indians major factor in Virginia development • Powhatan confederacy more powerful than English • Numbers approx 10,000 in 1620 • 1000 English in 1624 • Initial antagonism – disputes over property • Smith’s role – situation calms in 1610s • Rolfe marries Pocahontas

  38. Powhatan sees English as potential allies vs interior tribes. • Never imagines they would be threat to him • Trades for weapons etc • Powhatan dies 1622 • Succeeded by brother Opechancanough • more hostile to English • especially encroachment on lands • Role of tobacco in taking Indian lands • English authorities unable to prevent it

  39. Decision to attack on Good Friday (March 22) 1622 • Achieves total surprise • Kills 347 whites • out of population of 1200. • Opechancanough thought English would leave • But attack cements negative image of Indians among English • makes their destruction easier to live with

  40. Conclusions • Virginia in 1624 in turmoil • Politically unstable • e.g. Virginia Co loss of charter 1624 • Endured disease, war, death. • Only about 1000 whites in Virginia after 17yrs of colonisation • settlement still in balance • could easily still fail.

  41. A little back tracking

  42. Antonio Velazquez • Summer 1561 • Spanish Caravel buffeted by storms of South Carolina • After storm saw a huge bay • Bahia Santa Maria • Chesapeake Bay

  43. Anchored and encountered Indians Two agreed with return to Spain Younger Indian Paquiquineo given to King Philip II renamed Don Luís de Velasco A few months later asked to return home

  44. The Journey of Don Luís de Velasco Went first to New Spain Became very ill end of first attempt to return home After recovering decided to remain and learn Catholic faith and Spanish ways But still kept the desire to return home Several years later Pedro Menédez de Avilés, new governor of “la Florida” was ordered to protect the southeast from the French

  45. 1566 - Don Luis heads out with Catholic friars on a missionary journey to his old home For some reason ship couldn’t find bay Captain against protests sailed back to Spain rather than Mexico Don Luis fails in second attempt to return home

  46. 1570 manages to get to Cuba September 1570 arrives back in Bahia Santa Maria Shortly thereafter Don Luis fled from the Spanish February 1571 Don Luis leads attack on, and destroys, Spanish settlement We know this because one Spanish boy, Alonso, was left alive and eventually returned to the Spain

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