Air Pollution Prevention and Climate Change

1. Air Pollution Prevention and Climate Change

2. 1. Introduction Issue of deteriorating quality of air in Metro Manila and surrounding areas The government has given high priority to reducing air pollution through appropriate mitigation actions Major sources of air pollution: a. mobile (motor vehicles) b. stationary (power plants and boilers in various industrial processes) Emissions from these sources are expected to increase AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

3. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Economic Development Goals and Challenges • Major challenges faced by the economy: a. rapid population growth b. relatively high incidence of poverty, social, and economic inequalities c. low productivity d. degradation of natural resources e. deterioration of environmental quality, and f. intensified international competition.

4. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Economic Development Goals and Challenges • The Government adopted the concept of: a. sustainable development for economic planning embodied in the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan for 1993-1998, b. Updated Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for 1996-1998, and c. long-term development strategy: Philippine Agenda 21.

5. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES 3. Air Quality Management • Philippine environmental problems are rooted in: a. rapid population growth and high population density b. limited investment for environmental protection, and c. inadequate institutional capacity for environmental management • Major environmental problems in urban areas are related to: a. lack of waste management and drainage facilities b. urban congestion c. poor environmental sanitation in crowded and low- income areas, excessive noise, and air pollution

6. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES 4. Source of Emissions • Major sources of air pollutants in Metro Manila air shed include: a. Vehicular emissions • carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), lead, and volatile organic compounds b. Emission from industrial processes c. Combustion of fuels in power plants, industries, and commercial establishments

7. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES 5. Ambient Air Quality • National ambient air quality standards implemented in 1978, revised and amended by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in 1992 • Purpose: protect public health and welfare, and reduce damage to property 6. Estimates of Health Impacts and Economic Cost • The major impact of air pollution is on public health, and the poor are the most adversely affected group.

8. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES 7. Constraints and Issues • Constraint: limited institutional capacity of the concerned agencies, attributable to inadequacies in: a. financial and human resources, b. Equipment c. facilities • key concern: general lack of enforcement of existing standards and regulations

9. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES 8. Government Objectives and Strategy Priorities for abatement of Emissions: a. Formulation of emission control program b. Establishment of central station network and fixed-site continuous monitoring stations and mobile laboratories c. Study and identification of effective emission control strategies to reduce air pollution d. Review and revision of ambient and source standards e. Use of unleaded gasoline in Metro Manila and the entire country

10. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES 8. Government Objectives and Strategy Legal Basis for air pollution control • P.D. 984: The Pollution Control Law • P.D. 1181: Providing for the Prevention, Control and Abatement of Air Pollution • P.D. 1596: Environmental Impact Assessment System • Republic Act 8749: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

11. CLIMATE CHANGE Situation Analysis 1. Initial studies have established decreasing inflows in the country’s reservoirs, indicating possible adverse implications on the country’s water supplies. 2. Also existing coastal problems like flooding inundation may increase due to accelerated sea level rise and increasing frequencies of typhoons and coastal storms.

12. CLIMATE CHANGE • Approximately 70% of the country’s municipalities and cities situated in the country’s 32,400 km coastline, about 50 M people are at risk from these climatic hazards 3. Climate change could translate to about 17% increase in wet season streamflow and a decrease of around 35% in dry season streamflow of the watershed. 4. Overall, around 2/3 of the entire poor population in the Philippines reside in and depend on the country’s terrestrial and coastal ecosystems indoor livelihood and sustenance.

13. CLIMATE CHANGE Strategies and the Joint Programme • Commitments in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol • Commitment to other related global Agreements • Medium Term Development Plan (MTPDP) • National Framework for Physical Planning (NFPP) - provides mitigation of natural disaster

14. CLIMATE CHANGE Enhancing Capacity to Adopt to Climate Change • Outcomes to address the key strategic issues: a. Climate risk reduction mainstreamed into key national and selected local development b. Enhanced national & local capacity to develop manage & administer plans, projects c. Coping mechanisms improved through pilot demonstration projects.