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說話教學研究課題

說話教學研究課題. 說話教學研究課題. 說話教學需要研究的課題 可考慮「教和考」的項目 交際能力 語言功能 交談「合作原則」 反應 流暢 發言權 (Turn Taking) 目光運用 身體語言 ( 形象 ) 整體設計 口試項目 「說話能力」佔分額比重 評分要求 說話能力測試 Diagnosing students ’ spoken language Assessing speaking 「說話能力」自我測試 看錄影帶後,自評「說話表現」 傾心聆聽測驗. 摘自: 《 漢語水平測試研究 》 (劉鐮力, 1997 ).

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說話教學研究課題

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  1. 說話教學研究課題

  2. 說話教學研究課題 • 說話教學需要研究的課題 • 可考慮「教和考」的項目 • 交際能力 • 語言功能 • 交談「合作原則」 • 反應 • 流暢 • 發言權(Turn Taking) • 目光運用 • 身體語言 (形象) • 整體設計 • 口試項目 • 「說話能力」佔分額比重 • 評分要求 • 說話能力測試 • Diagnosing students’ spoken language • Assessing speaking • 「說話能力」自我測試 • 看錄影帶後,自評「說話表現」 • 傾心聆聽測驗 摘自:《漢語水平測試研究》(劉鐮力,1997)

  3. 說話教學需要研究的課題 • 哪些是可教的 • 哪些可分為「能力等級」的 (序列) • 哪些是可評估的 • 哪些應由中文老師負責的 • 哪些是說話能力的元素 • 思維能力 • 組織能力 • 觀察能力 • 分析能力 • 解難能力 說話教學需要研究的課題 (何萬貫 2006)

  4. 可考慮「教和考」的項目 • 交際能力 • 語言功能 • 交談「合作原則」

  5. 交際能力語言功能 工具功能 • Instrumental function I want 調節功能 • Regulation function Do as I tell you. 相互作用功能 • Interactional function me and you 表達個人功能 • Personal function here I come 啟發功能 • Heuristic function tell me why 想象功能 • Let’s pretend 表現功能 • Representational function I have got something to tell you 語言功能 (Halliday, 1977)

  6. 交際能力交談「合作原則」 1. 量的準則(Quantity Maxim): • 所說的話應該包括交談目的所需要的資訊, • 不應包含超出需要的資訊。 2. 質的準則(Quality Maxim): • 不要說自己知道是虛假的話; • 不要說缺乏足夠證據的話。 3. 關聯準則(Relevant Maxim): • 講和談話目的有關的話, • 前後話語要有關聯。 4.方式準則(Manner Maxim): • 避免晦澀與歧義; • 簡練、井井有條。 交談「合作原則」 (Grice, 1975)

  7. 反應

  8. 流暢 • Accuracy and fluency in speech (Brown, 2001) • Accuracy (clear, articulate, grammatical, phonologically correct language)Fluency (flowing, natural language) Quantifiable factors in fluency Lennon (1990) • Words per minute (including repetitions) • Words per minute (excluding repetitions) • Repetitions • Self-corrections • Filled pauses • Repetitions and self-corrections as a percentage of total speech • Unfilled pause time as percentage of total speech time • Filled pause time as percentage of total speech time • Mean length of speech ‘runs’ between pauses, in words • Percentage of T-Units followed by pause • Percentage of total pause time at all T-Unit boundaries • Mean pause time at T-Unit boundaries 發言權(Turn Taking) (H. Clark, 1977)

  9. 發言權(Turn Taking) • Each participant should have a chance to talk. • Only one person should talk at a time.(so that he or she can be heard) • The gaps between turns should be brief.(for efficiency) • The order of speakers, and the amount they say, should not be fixed ahead of time. • There must be techniques for deciding who should speak when. 發言權(Turn Taking) (H. Clark, 1977)

  10. 發言權(Turn Taking) • Three Rules (Sacks; Schegloff & Jefferson, 1974) • The next turn goes to the person addressed by the current speaker. • The next turn goes to the person who speaks first. • The next turn goes to the current speaker if he resumes before anyone else speaks. 發言權(Turn Taking) (H. Clark, 1977)

  11. 發言權(Turn Taking) • Three Rules (Sacks; Schegloff & Jefferson, 1974) • The next turn goes to the person addressed by the current speaker. • The next turn goes to the person who speaks first. • The next turn goes to the current speaker if he resumes before anyone else speaks. • A number of strategies when managing a conversation (Richards, 1990): • When taking a turn, we can verbally request, physically gesture, or use other cues • When holding a turn, we can list a sequence and not let others participate until we have finished our list. • When giving up a turn, we simply pause, letting other participants to take over the turn. 發言權(Turn Taking) (H. Clark, 1977)

  12. 目光運用

  13. 身體語言 (形象)

  14. 整體設計

  15. 口試項目 朗讀 • 考查咬字、吐詞 • 考查語調、節奏 • 能否表達作者感情 背誦 • 考查記憶力 • 考查表達能力 講述 • 講述故事或課文片段 對話 • 考查反應靈敏 答問 • 考查回答問題能力 口頭作文 • 考查口述一段完整的話 演講 • 考查演講才能

  16. 「說話能力」佔分額比重 大陸語文教學考核佔分 (孫綿濤,2000) • 口語 0-30% • 基礎知識 10-20% • 閱讀 30-40% • 寫作 30-50%

  17. 評分要求 何三本(1998) • 發音正確、聲調和諧 • 措詞精當、語法純正 • 儀態自然、舉止大方 • 內容充實、條理井然 • 時機合適、情境恰當 何三本(1998, 66) • 說話準確,是思維明晰的表現; • 語言連貫性,是思維前後一致的表現; • 條理性是思維周密的表現; • 語言說理性,是思維充滿理則的表現; • 語言的多樣性,是思維熟於修辭技巧的表現。 何三本(1998)。《說話教學研究》。台灣:五南圖書公司。頁62。

  18. 說話能力測試 • 量表必須準確、可靠、有效、有區分性 • 部分考生大量進行應試訓練,分數更不可能是考生真正能力的反映(桂詩春,2000,226)

  19. 說話能力測試 Diagnosing students’ spoken language Herbert (2002) • Clarity: Is the learner’s speech clear? • Speed: Does the learner speak too quickly? • Loudness: Does the learner speak too softly? • Breathing: Does the learner speak with appropriate pauses, breathing each utterance into groups? • Fluency: Does the learner speak with either long silence between words or too many “filled pauses” (e.g., “ah, ummm”)? • Voice: Is there enough variation in pitch? • Eye gaze: Does the learner use eye-gaze behavior appropriate to the context (e.g., facing a conversational partner or looking at the audience if delivering an oral presentation)? • Expressive behavior: Does the learner overuse gestures? Does the facial expression match the utterance?

  20. 說話能力測試 Assessing speaking Criteria for speaking test (IELTS, 2001; UCLES, 2000) • Fluency and coherence.This refers to the ability to talk with normal levels of continuity, rate and effort and to link ideas and language together to form coherent, connected speech. • Lexical resource This refers to the ability to use a wide and appropriate range of vocabulary to meet speaking task requirement • Grammar and vocabulary (Accuracy and appropriacy) • Pronunciation This refers to the ability to produce comprehensible utterances to fulfill the task. • Discourse management This refers to the ability to express ideas and opinions in coherent, connected speech. • Interactive communication (Turn-taking, initiating and responding)

  21. 「說話能力」自我測試説話測試量表 A.肢體語言 是 否 • 1、你的姿態太僵硬嗎? ⃞ ⃞ • 2、你的姿態太鬆散嗎? ⃞ ⃞ • 3、你彎腰駝背嗎? ⃞ ⃞ • 4、你説話時,頭是否傾斜著? ⃞ ⃞ • 5、你説話時,是否局促不安? ⃞ ⃞ • 6、你説話時,是否漫無目的地比手畫腳? ⃞ ⃞ B.面部表情 是 否 • 1、你説話時,是否會皺眉或斜眼看人? ⃞ ⃞ • 2、很少注視他人眼光(眼睛飄來飄去)? ⃞ ⃞ • 3、面部很少或完全沒有表情? ⃞ ⃞ • 4、噘嘴 ⃞ ⃞ C.呼吸 是 否 • 1、你的脖子和胸膛時候呈緊張狀態、不放鬆? ⃞ ⃞ • 2、當你呼吸時,你的肩膀及上胸會跟著起伏嗎? ⃞ ⃞ • 3、在你説話之前,你是否深呼吸一口,隨即吐出? ⃞ ⃞ • 4、當你説話時,你是否常常換氣? ⃞ ⃞ 説話測試量表 (吳咨杏譯 1997)

  22. 「說話能力」自我測試看錄影帶後,自評「說話表現」「說話能力」自我測試看錄影帶後,自評「說話表現」 A.聲音——你的聲音是否聼起來像下列情況 是 否 • 1、嘰嘰嘎嘎或破裂的聲音? ⃞ ⃞ • 2、竭力擠出來或被人勒住的樣子? ⃞ ⃞ • 3、粗糙或斷斷續續? ⃞ ⃞ • 4、太大聲? ⃞ ⃞ • 5、太小聲? ⃞ ⃞ • 6、太高? ⃞ ⃞ • 7、太低? ⃞ ⃞ • 8、單調無趣? ⃞ ⃞ B.共鳴 是 否 • 1、你聼起來像鼻音太重或求饒的樣子? ⃞ ⃞ • 2、你聼起來像感冒,鼻子不通的聲音? ⃞ ⃞

  23. 「說話能力」自我測試看錄影帶後,自評「說話表現」「說話能力」自我測試看錄影帶後,自評「說話表現」 C.音調 是 否 • 1、喃喃不清? ⃞ ⃞ • 2、發音不標準? ⃞ ⃞ • 3、有口音或鄉音? ⃞ ⃞ D.整體溝通技巧 是 否 • 1、説話太快? ⃞ ⃞ • 2、説話太慢? ⃞ ⃞ • 3、句尾往往沒有聲音? ⃞ ⃞ • 4、在説話中加口頭禪“那個”,“這個”,“好像”,“所以”等? ⃞ ⃞ • 5、很難和別人聊天、交談? ⃞ ⃞ • 6、很難認識別人? ⃞ ⃞ • 7、説話繞圈子,無法切入主題? ⃞ ⃞ • 8、話太多? ⃞ ⃞ • 9、詞彙很有限? ⃞ ⃞ • 10、常說三字經或粗話? ⃞ ⃞

  24. 「說話能力」自我測試傾心聆聽測驗 • 回答下列問題前,請你打電話給一位久未聯絡的朋友,錄下你們的電話內容,然後分析下列情況: 是 否 • 1、你是否會噘嘴,打斷對方? ⃞ ⃞ • 2、常常說“我”,談話內容以自己為主? ⃞ ⃞ • 3、在談話中更換主題? ⃞ ⃞ • 4、漫不經心地回答對方,心不在焉地聼著? ⃞ ⃞

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