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Introduction to Information Security 0368-3065, Spring 2014 Lecture 9: Virtual machine confinement, trusted computing a

Introduction to Information Security 0368-3065, Spring 2014 Lecture 9: Virtual machine confinement, trusted computing architecture . Eran Tromer Slides credit: Dan Boneh , Stanford. Confinement using Virtual Machines. Virtual machines. US patent 6,922,774 ( NSA NetTop ). Untrusted Code.

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Introduction to Information Security 0368-3065, Spring 2014 Lecture 9: Virtual machine confinement, trusted computing a

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  1. Introduction to Information Security0368-3065, Spring 2014Lecture 9: Virtual machine confinement,trusted computing architecture Eran TromerSlides credit:Dan Boneh, Stanford

  2. ConfinementusingVirtual Machines

  3. Virtual machines US patent 6,922,774 (NSA NetTop) UntrustedCode Key Security benefits: • Confinement (isolation, sandboxing) • Management • Monitoring • Recovery • Forensics (replay) Process Process Process Process Process Process OS services OS services OS kernel OS kernel Hypervisor Host OS (if Type 2) CPU Memory Devices

  4. VMM security assumption • VMM Security assumption: • Malware may infect guest OS and guest apps • But malware cannot escape from the infected VM • Cannot infect host OS • Cannot infect other VMs on the same hardware • Requires that VMM protect itself and is not buggy • VMM is much simpler than full OS • VMM API is much simpler than OS API • (but host OS still has device drivers)

  5. Example of VM security application:VMM Introspectionprotecting the anti-virus system

  6. Example:intrusion Detection / anti-virus • Runs as part of OS kernel and user space process • Kernel root kit can shutdown protection system • Common practice for modern malware • Standard solution: run IDS system in the network • Problem: insufficient visibility into user’s machine • Better: run IDS as part of VMM (protected from malware) • VMM can monitor virtual hardware for anomalies • VMI: Virtual Machine Introspection • Allows VMM to check Guest OS internals

  7. Sample checks Stealth malware: • Creates processes that are invisible to “ps” • Opens sockets that are invisible to “netstat” 1. Lie detector check • Goal: detect stealth malware that hides processes and network activity • Method: • VMM lists processes running in GuestOS • VMM requests GuestOS to list processes (e.g. ps) • If mismatch, kill VM

  8. Sample checks (cont.) 2. Application code integrity detector • VMM computes hash of user app-code running in VM • Compare to whitelist of hashes • Kills VM if unknown program appears 3. Ensure GuestOS kernel integrity • example: detect changes to sys_call_table 4. Virus signature detector • Run virus signature detector on GuestOS memory 5. Detect if GuestOS puts NIC in promiscuousmode

  9. Virtualization – covert channels and side channels UntrustedCode Key • Covert channel: unintended communication channel between isolated but cooperating components(sender and receiver) • Can be used to leak classified data from secure component to public component • Side channel: unintended channel that lets an attacker component retrieve information from an victim component without the latter’s cooperation • Often induced by low-level resource contention Process Process Process Process Process Process OS services OS services OS kernel OS kernel Hypervisor CPU Memory Devices

  10. An example covert channel • Both VMs use the same underlying hardware • To send a bit b  {0,1} malware does: • b= 1: at midnight do CPU intensive calculation • b= 0: at midnight do nothing • At midnight, listener does a CPU intensive calculation and measures completion time • Now b = 1  completion-time > threshold • Many covert channel exist in running system: • File lock status, cache contents, interrupts, … • Very difficult to eliminate

  11. Cache-based side-channels in cloud computing Demonstrated, using Amazon EC2 as a study case: • Cloud cartographyMapping the structure of the “cloud” and locating a target on the map. • Placement vulnerabilities An attacker can place his VM on the same physical machine as a target VM (40% success for a few dollars) • Cross-VM exfiltrationOnce VMs are co-resident, secret informationcan be exfiltrated across VM boundary.(Simulated: theft of decryption keys!)

  12. Motivation Virtual machine confinement: a blessing or a curse?

  13. Subvirt [King Chen Wang Verbowski Wang Lortch 2006] • Virus idea: • Once on the victim machine, install a malicious VMM • Virus hides in VMM • Invisible to virus detector running inside VM Anti-virus  Anti-virus OS VMM and virus OS HW HW

  14. The MATRIX

  15. VM Based Malware (blue pill virus) [Rutkowska 2006] • A virus that installs a malicious VMM (hypervisor) on-the-fly under running OS • Use SVM/VT-x to create VM • Microsoft Security Bulletin: (Oct, 2006) :Suggests disabling hardware virtualization features by default for client-side systemshttp://www.microsoft.com/whdc/system/platform/virtual/CPUVirtExt.mspx • VMBRs are easy to defeat • A guest OS can detect that it is running on top of VMM

  16. VMM Detection • Can an OS detect it is running on top of a VMM? • Applications: • Virus detector can detect VMBR • Normal virus (non-VMBR) can detect VMM • refuse to run to avoid reverse engineering • Software that binds to hardware (e.g. MS Windows) can refuse to run on top of VMM • DRM systems may refuse to run on top of VMM

  17. VMM detection (red pill techniques) • VM platforms often emulate simple hardware • VMWare emulates an ancient i440bx chipset … but report 8GB RAM, dual Opteron CPUs, etc. 2. VMM introduces time latency variances • Memory cache behavior differs in presence of VMM • Results in relative latency in time variations for any two operations 3. VMM shares the TLB with GuestOS • GuestOS can detect reduced TLB size 4. Deduplication (VMM saves single copies of identical pages) … and many more methods [GAWF’07]

  18. VMM Detection Bottom line: The perfect VMM does not exist • VMMs today (e.g. VMWare) focus on: Compatibility: ensure off the shelf software works Performance: minimize virtualization overhead • VMMs do not provide transparency • Anomalies reveal existence of VMM

  19. Trusted Computing Architecture

  20. Background • TCG consortium. Founded in 1999 as TCPA. • Main players (promoters): (>200 members) AMD, HP, IBM, Infineon, Intel, Lenovo, Microsoft, Sun • Goals: • Hardware protected (encrypted) storage: • Only “authorized” software can decrypt data • e.g.: protecting key for decrypting file system • Secure boot: method to “authorize” software • Attestation: Prove to remote server what software is running on my machine.

  21. Secure boot History of BIOS/EFI malware: • CIH (1998): CIH virus corrupts system BIOS • Heasman(2007): • System Management Mode (SMM) “rootkit” via EFI • Sacco, Ortega (2009): infect BIOS LZH decompressor • CoreBOOT: generic BIOS flashing tool Main point: BIOS runs before any defenses (e.g. antivirus) Proposed defense: lock system configuration (BIOS + OS) Today: TCG approach

  22. TCG: changes to PC • Extra hardware: TPM • Trusted Platform Module (TPM) chip • Single 33MhZ clock. • TPM Chip vendors: (~.3$) • Atmel, Infineon, National, STMicro • Intel D875GRH motherboard • Software changes: • BIOS, EFI (UEFI) • OS and Apps

  23. TPMs in the real world • TPMs widely available on laptops, desktops and some servers • Software using TPMs: • File/disk encryption: BitLocker, IBM, HP, Softex • Attestation for enterprise login: Cognizance, Wave • Client-side single sign on: IBM, Utimaco, Wave

  24. TPM Basics What the TPM does How to use it

  25. Components on TPM chip Non Volatile Storage(> 1280 bytes) OtherJunk PCR Registers (16 registers) LPCbus I/O API calls Crypto Engine: RSA, SHA-1, HMAC, RNG RSA: 1024, 2048 bit modulus SHA-1: Outputs 20 byte digest

  26. Non-volatile storage 1. Endorsement Key (EK) (2048-bit RSA) • Created at manufacturing time. Cannot be changed. • Used for “attestation” (described later) 2. Storage Root Key (SRK)(2048-bit RSA) • Used for implementing encrypted storage • Created after running TPM_TakeOwnership( OwnerPassword, … ) • Can be cleared later with TPM_ForceClear from BIOS 3.OwnerPassword(160 bits) and persistent flags Private EK, SRK, and OwnerPwd never leave the TPM

  27. PCR: the heart of the matter • PCR: Platform Configuration Registers • Lots of PCR registers on chip (at least 16) • Register contents: 20-byte SHA-1 digest (+junk) • Updating PCR #n : • TPM_Extend(n,D): PCR[n]  SHA-1 ( PCR[n] || D ) • TPM_PcrRead(n): returns value(PCR(n)) • PCRs initialized to default value (e.g. 0) at boot time • TPM can be told to restore PCR values in NVRAM via TPM_SaveState and TPM_Startup(ST_STATE) for system suspend/resume

  28. Using PCRs: the TCG boot process • BIOS boot block executes • Calls TPM_Startup (ST_CLEAR) to initialize PCRs to 0 • Calls PCR_Extend( n, <BIOS code> ) • Then loads and runs BIOS post boot code • BIOS executes: • Calls PCR_Extend( n, <MBR code> ) • Then runs MBR (master boot record), e.g. GRUB. • MBR executes: • Calls PCR_Extend( n, <OS loader code, config> ) • Then runs OS loader … and so on

  29. In a diagram Hardware BIOS boot block OS loader BIOS Application MBR OS Root of trust in integrity measurement measuring TPM Extend PCR Root of trust in integrity reporting • After boot, PCRs contain hash chain of booted software • Collision resistance of SHA-1 ensures commitment

  30. Example: Trusted GRUB (IBM’05) What PCR # to use and what to measure specified in GRUB config file

  31. Using PCR values after boot • Application 1: encrypted (a.k.a sealed) storage. • Step 1: TPM_TakeOwnership( OwnerPassword, … ) • Creates 2048-bit RSA Storage Root Key (SRK) on TPM • Cannot run TPM_TakeOwnership again without OwnerPwd: • Ownership Enabled Flag  False • Done once by IT department or laptop owner. • (optional) Step 2: TPM_CreateWrapKey / TPM_LoadKey • Create more RSA keys on TPM protected by SRK • Each key identified by 32-bit keyhandle

  32. Protected Storage • Main Step: Encrypt data using RSA key on TPM • TPM_Seal(some)Arguments: • keyhandle: which TPM key to encrypt with • KeyAuth: Password for using key `keyhandle’ • PcrValues: PCRs to embed in encrypted blob • data block: at most 256 bytes (2048 bits) • Used to encrypt symmetric key (e.g. AES) • Returns encrypted blob. • Main point: blob can only be decrypted with TPM_Unseal when PCR-reg-vals = PCR-vals in blob. • TPM_Unseal will fail othrewise

  33. Protected Storage • Embedding PCR values in blob ensures that only certain apps can decrypt data. • e.g.: Messing with MBR or OS kernel will change PCR values.

  34. Sealed storage: applications • Lock software on machine: • OS and apps sealed with MBR’s PCR. • Any changes to MBR (to load other OS) will prevent locked software from loading. • Prevents tampering and reverse engineering • Web server: seal server’s SSL private key • Goal: only unmodified Apache can access SSL key • Problem: updates to Apache or Apache config • General problem with software upgrades/patches:Upgrade process must re-seal all blobs with new PCRs

  35. Security? • Resetting TPM after boot • Attacker can disable TPM until after boot, then extend PCRs arbitrarily(one-byte change to boot block) [Kauer07] • Software attack: send TPM_Init on LPC bus allows calling TPM_Startup again (to reset PCRs) • Simple hardware attack: use a wire to connect TPM reset pin to ground • Once PCRs are reset, they can be extended to reflect a fake configuration. • Rollback attack on encrypted blobs • e.g. undo security patches without being noticed. • Can be mitigated using Data Integrity Regs (DIR) • Need OwnerPassword to write DIR

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