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Educational Research. Presented by Erlan Agusrijaya. Exercise: Indicate, on a scale of 1-5, the extent to which you think research has demonstrated the truth of each statement. Answer. Answer. Answer. Answer.
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Educational Research Presented by Erlan Agusrijaya
Exercise: Indicate, on a scale of 1-5, the extent to which you think research has demonstrated the truth of each statement. Answer Answer Answer Answer
Exercise: Indicate, on a scale of 1-5, the extent to which you think research has demonstrated the truth of each statement. (Continued) Answer Answer Answer Answer
Exercise: Indicate, on a scale of 1-5, the extent to which you think research has demonstrated the truth of each statement. (Continued) Answer Answer Answer
Experiments Case Studies Ethnographies Forms of Educational Research Surveys
Examples of Research Questions (with an appropriate methodology)
RELATIONSHIP and VARIABLE A relationship is a statement about variables.
Exercise: What are the variables in this research question? Answer: the variables are age and level of anxiety in mathematics courses.
Exercise: What are the independent and the dependent variables in this question?
A Computer Search of the Literature • Define the problem as precisely as possible. • Decide on the extent of the search. • Decide on the Database. (e.g.,ERIC) • Select descriptors. • Conduct the search. • Broaden or narrow the search. • Obtain a printout of the desired references.
Writing Your Summaries • Try to locate at least five recent primary sources that are pertinent to your topic. At least three of these be should be research reports that present data of some kind (scores on a test, responses to a questionnaire, and so on). The other two may be the viewpoint or ideas of someone as expressed in an article (that is, merely an opinion piece that does not present data).
Writing Your Summaries • Limit your summary to approximately one-half page (200 words). • Be sure to describe what the author did and what the author’s conclusions were. • If the reference you are summarizing pertains to a research study, you should briefly describe the method of the researcher used. Be sure that you also note how the author arrived at his/her conclusions.
An Example of a Summary Walberg, H. J., and Thomas, S. C. 1972. An operational definition and validation in Great Britain and the United States . American educational research journal, 9:197-216. The purpose of this article is to describe the development of an observation scale and a teacher questionnaire for assessing the degree of “openness” of a given elementary school classroom. Items were written within each of eight “themes” obtained from available literature and reviewed by a panel of authorities. The resulting instruments were used in approximately 20 classrooms for each of three types: British open, American open, and American traditional. The classrooms were identified by reputation and personal knowledge. Approximately equal numbers of lower and middle socioeconomic-level classrooms were included. Results showed that overall assessments obtained with the two different instruments (observation scale and questionnaire) agreed quite highly. Differences between the open and traditional classrooms were much greater than those between socioeconomic levels or between countries.
Examples of populations • All of the high school principals in the United States. • All of the elementary school counselors in the state of California. • All of the students attending Central High School in Omaha, Nebraska, during the academic year 1987-1988. • All of the students in Mrs. Browns’ third-grade class at Wharton Elementary School.
Examples of samples • A researcher is interested in studying the effects of diet on the attention span of third-grade students in a large city. There are 1500 third graders attending the elementary schools in the city. The researcher selects 150 of these third graders, 30 each in five different schools, to study. • The principal of an elementary school district wants to investigate the effectiveness of a new U.S. history textbook being used by some of teachers in her district. Out of a total 22 teachers who are using the text, she selects 6, comparing the achievement of students in the classes of these 6 teachers with those of another 6 teachers who are not using the text.
Simple Random Sampling Stratified Random Sampling Random Cluster Sampling Two Stage Random sampling Convenience Sampling Purposive Sampling Systematic Sampling Sampling Procedures Probability Sampling Nonprobability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling (SRS) • In SRS every member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected for the sample. • Example:" We interviewed a sample of 41 mothers of eight graders from one middle school. These mothers were randomly selected from a list of 129 mothers provided by the principal of the school.” (Baker and Stevenson, 1986, p.157).
Y D N P L H Simple Random B G A C H E F I D Q J L Population O K R P M N S V Z U W T Y X Sample
Stratified Random Sampling • Stratified sampling is a process whereby certain subgroups, or strata, are selected for the sample in the same proportion as they exist in the population. • Example: ”From a pool of all children who returned a parental permission form (more than 80% return rate) 24 first graders (10 girls, 14 boys; mean age, 6 years, 6 months), and 24 third graders (13 girls, 11 boys; mean age, 8 years, 8 months) were randomly selected.” (Clements and Nastasi, 1988, p.93)
B D 25% F M O J 50% P S 25% Stratified Random A B C D E 25% Population F G H I J K L M N O 50% P Q R S T 25% Sample
Random Cluster Sampling • When it is not possible to select a sample of individuals from a population--for example, a list of all members of the population of interest is not available—cluster sampling is used. It involves the random selection of naturally occurring groups or areas and then the selection of individual elements from the chosen groups or areas.
CD QR EFG Cluster Random AB CD QR NOP LM Population EFG JK STU HI Sample
