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Normal Child Development

Normal Child Development. Back to Basics April 24, 2008 Clare Gray MD FRCPC. Stages of Development. Infancy (birth to 15 months) Toddler period (15m to 2.5 years) Preschool period (2.5 to 6 years) Middle years (6 to 12 years). Developmental Schedules. Landmarks described by Arnold Gesell

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Normal Child Development

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  1. Normal Child Development Back to Basics April 24, 2008 Clare Gray MD FRCPC

  2. Stages of Development • Infancy (birth to 15 months) • Toddler period (15m to 2.5 years) • Preschool period (2.5 to 6 years) • Middle years (6 to 12 years)

  3. Developmental Schedules • Landmarks described by Arnold Gesell • Motor and sensory behavior • Adaptive behavior • Personal and social behavior • Language

  4. Major Theorists • Sigmund Freud • Psychoanalytic perspective • Erik Erikson • Psychosocial view of eight stages of life • Jean Piaget • Cognitive perspective

  5. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages • ORAL STAGE (birth – 1 year) • Mouth is the main source of pleasure and interaction • Fixation can lead to thumb sucking, nail biting, smoking and overeating • ANAL STAGE (1 to 3 years) • Anus is the main source of gratification, withholding and expelling feces and toilet training are important • Fixation can lead to extremes of order and cleanliness or disorder and messiness

  6. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages • PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6 years) • The genitals are the main source of gratification • Child attaches to the opposite-sex parent and later shifts to same-sex parent as the superego forms • Gender role and moral development are important • Interactions between the id, ego and superego form the basic personality

  7. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages • LATENCY STAGE (6 to 12 years) • Sexual instincts are suspended • The super ego continues to develop through social interaction • Intellectual and physical activities are important • GENITAL STAGE (12 years to adult) • The onset of puberty causes sexual instincts to reappear • Forming mature sexual relationships is important

  8. Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages • TRUST vs. MISTRUST (birth to 1 year) • Responsive caregiving gives infants a sense of trust in others and self and that the world is a good place (Hope) • AUTONOMY vs. SHAME & DOUBT (1 to 3 years) • Children become more self-sufficient and want independence; reasonable freedom of choice leads to autonomy (Will)

  9. Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages • INITIATIVE vs GUILT (3 to 6 years) • Pretend play and acceptance of responsibilities help to foster a sense of direction; children must balance this with the demands of parents (Purpose) • INDUSTRY vs INFERIORITY (6 to 12 years) • Children learn to cooperate with peers and master academic tasks; competency and productivity are important (Skill)

  10. Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages • IDENTITY vs ROLE CONFUSION (12 to 18 years) • Adolescents strive to develop a coherent and lasting personal identity (Fidelity) • INTIMACY vs ISOLATION (young adulthood) • Young adults work to achieve intimate relationships and commitments to other people • Those who have not formed a strong sense of self may have difficulty (Love)

  11. Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages • GENERATIVITY vs STAGNATION (adulthood) • The focus is on child rearing and work productivity to contribute to the next generation (Care) • EGO INTEGRITY vs DESPAIR (late adulthood) • Older adults attempt to reflect on their lives and feel satisfied with their successes and failures (Wisdom)

  12. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development • SENSORIMOTOR (birth – 2 years) • Infants understand and organize the world through sensory information and motor activity • Object permanence develops • PREOPERATIONAL (2 – 7 years) • Children use symbolic representation for events, places and people • Worldview is egocentric • Language and pretend play develop

  13. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development • CONCRETE OPERATIONS (7 – 11 years) • Children can solve logical problems about concrete physical subjects • Conservation and hierarchical thinking develop

  14. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development • FORMAL OPERATIONS (11 to adult) • Adolescents can reason logically about abstract topics, hypothetical problems and possible outcomes of a situation

  15. Temperament • Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas • Identified 9 behavioral dimensions, from which reliable differences can be obtained • Activity level, rhythmicity, approach or withdrawl, adaptability, intensity of reaction, threshold of responsiveness, quality of mood, distractibility, attention span and persistence

  16. Attachment • Ability to form a special relationship with significant others • John Bowlby • Universal human need to form close affectional bonds • Tendency to seek closeness to another person and feel secure when that person is present

  17. Attachment • Attachment behaviours of the infant are reciprocated by the adult • The experience of security is the goal of the attachment system. • Secure, anxious/avoidant, anxious/resistant, disorganized

  18. Three Phases of Adolescence • -early adolescence (10 to 13) • -mid-adolescence (14 to 17) • -late adolescence (18-24)

  19. Developmental Changes • Pubertal changes • Cognitive changes • Identity construction • Peer socialization • Dealing with sexuality • School and achievement pressures • Renegotiating family relations

  20. Identity Construction • In early adolescence one’s sense of self (self-concept, self-image) is more negative and less stable than in later adolescence

  21. Social Development • Expansion of relationships beyond the family • Shift from parents to peers as providers of companionship and intimacy • need peer’s approval and advice • development of empathy

  22. Family • Early adolescents attempt to increase their emotional distance from parents as they seek to raise their level of independence • majority of adolescents report being satisfied with their relationships with their parents and rely on them for help and advice

  23. Psychological Tasks • Early adolescence: accept his or her growing and changing body • Middle adolescence: separate from the internalized figure of the parent and venture out of his or her own family world • Late adolescence: crystallizing one’s own sexual and vocational identity

  24. Offord Centre for Child Studies http://knowledge.offordcentre.com/dev_learn/resources.html

  25. DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES - BIRTH TO 12 YEARSWebsites • http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/behaviour/Development.htm • http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/fcs/human/pubs/child6_12.html • http://www.child.gov.ab.ca/acyi/parenting/stages/charts/pdf/developmental_stages.pdf • ADOLESCENT MILESTONES :Websites • http://www.aacap.org/publications/factsfam/develop.htm

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