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Managing Cisco IOS Software

Managing Cisco IOS Software. CCNA2 v3.0 – Modul 5. Test the router hardware. Bootstrap. Flash. TFTP. ROM. Find and load the Cisco IOS software into RAM. NVRAM. TFTP. Console. Find and apply configuration statements, including protocol functions and interface addresses.

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Managing Cisco IOS Software

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  1. Managing Cisco IOS Software CCNA2 v3.0 – Modul 5

  2. Test the router hardware Bootstrap Flash TFTP ROM Find and load the Cisco IOS software into RAM NVRAM TFTP Console • Find and apply configuration statements, including protocol functions and interface addresses Stages of the Router Power-on Boot Sequence POST Cisco Internetwork Operating System Configuration File

  3. Hexadecimal number How a Cisco Device Locates and Loads IOS Router# configure terminal Router(config)# Boot system flash c4500-p-mz_111-18.bin The router uses boot system commands saved in NVRAM to locate the IOS. Different settings in the configuration register enable the several alternatives: Router(config)# Boot system tftp c4500-1.bin 192.168.1.7 Router(config)# Boot system rom Router(config)# exit Router(config)# copy running-config startup-config After it is reloaded, the router will try these commands in the order they were entered. The order in which the router looks for system bootstrap information depends on the boot field setting in the configuration register. The default configuration register setting can be changed with the following command: Router(config)#config-register 0x2142

  4. The lowest four bits of the configuration register form the boot field. Configuration register is 0x2102 Configuration Register – Boot Field Router# show version ..<output omitted>.. Configuration register is 0x2102 To view the current values of the configuration register: The configuration register is a 16-bit register in NVRAM. Note: the notation 0x informs us that the following number is a hexadecimal number. From the example, Hex 2142 is 0010.0001.0000.0010 in binary. Enter ROM monitor mode on reload. Boot automatically from ROM. Use boot system commands in NVRAM, this is the default.

  5. Troubleshooting IOS Boot Failure On boot the router checks the configuration file for a boot system statement. Boot problems are typically caused by any of the following: • Configuration file has missing or incorrect boot system statement • Incorrect configuration register value • Corrupted flash image • Hardware failure To identify the boot image source: Router# show version Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-D-M), Version 12.2(16a), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2) ..<output omitted>.. ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 12.1(3r)T2, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Router uptime is 1 minute System returned to ROM by power-on System image file is "flash:c2600-d-mz.122-16a.bin"

  6. Troubleshooting IOS Boot Failure If the router has a corrupted flash image file an error message should be displayed during boot. Some examples are: open: read error...requested 0x4 bytes, got 0x0 trouble reading device magic number boot: cannot open "flash:" boot: cannot determine first file name on device "flash:"ú If the flash image is corrupt, a new IOS should be uploaded into the router. The router could have a hardware failure. If so, the Cisco TAC should be contacted.

  7. The two types of software required are _________________ and _____________. • The ___________ is software that allows the hardware to function as a router or switch. • The configuration contains the “instructions” that define how the device is to _________________. • A ____________________ creates the configuration that defines the desired functionality of the Cisco device.     • The IOS is stored in a memory area called _______. • The flash allows the IOS to be _________ or stores _____________ files. • The IOS is copied into and run from ______. • A copy of the configuration file is stored in ________. • This is referred to as the “______________”. • The startup configuration is copied into RAM at _________. • This configuration in RAM is the configuration used to _______ the router. • It is referred to as the “_____________”. • Beginning with version 12, the ______________________ provides a single method to perform all file system management. • The IFS uses ______ to specify files on network devices and the network. operating system IOS File System Overview configuration Cisco IOS® route or switch network administrator flash upgraded multiple IOS RAM NVRAM startup-config boot time operate running-config Cisco IOS File System URLs

  8. Platform Feature Set Binary file Located in Flash File Format IOS Version number IOS Naming Convention System image file is "flash:c2600-d-mz.122-16a.bin" • Examples of feature-set categories are: • Basic • Plus • Encryption (designated by ‘k8’ or ‘k9’ in IOS 12.2 and later) The file format specifies if the IOS is compressed in flash and if the IOS is relocatable. A relocatable image is copied from flash into RAM to run. A non-relocatable image is run directly from flash. As Cisco develops newer versions of the IOS, the numerical version number increases.

  9. Managing configuration files using TFTP My# copy running-config tftp Remote host []? 131.108.2.155 Name of configuration file to write[my-config]? My2 Write file My2 to 131.108.2.155 ? [confirm] y Writing My2 To store the current configuration on a network TFTP server enter the following command: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! [OK] A configuration file stored on one of the network servers can be used to configure a router: Router# copy tftp running-config Host or network configuration file [host]? IP address of remote host[255.255.255.255]? 10.0.0.13 Name of configuration file [Router-config] ? My2 Configure using My2 from 10.0.0.13? [confirm] y Booting My2 from 10.0.0.13: !!!!!! [OK-180/16000 bytes]

  10. Managing Configuration Files using Capture and Send To capture the configuration from HyperTerminal to a text file: • Select Transfer Capture Text • Specify a name for the text file to capture the output to • Select Start to start capturing text Now all that appears on the screen will be written to the text file. • Display the configuration with a show running-config • To stop the capture select TransferCapture Text Stop After the capture is complete, the configuration file needs to be edited to remove extra text, to add commands or to add comments with a !. HyperTerminal can be used to restore a configuration. The edited backup of the configuration can be copied into the router: • Enter router global configuration mode. • From HyperTerminal, click on Transfer > Send Text File. • Select the name of the saved configuration file. • The lines of the file will be entered into the router as if they were being typed at the CLI. Observe any errors.

  11. Managing IOS Images using TFTP Occasionally the router will need to have the IOS upgraded or restored. On a new router the IOS should be backed up. Nescot01# copy tftp flash Address or name of remote host []? 192.168.1.17 Source filename []? c2600-d-mz.122-16a.bin Destination filename [c2600-d-mz.122-16a.bin]? Accessing tftp://192.168.1.17/c2600-d-mz.122-16a.bin Erase Flash: before copying? [confirm] Erasing the flash file system will remove all files Continue? [confirm] Erasing device eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.. Erased Loading c2600-d-mz.122-16a.bin from 192.168.1.17 (via FastEthernet 0/0): !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Verifying checksum .. .. .. ..OK [OK 8906598 bytes] 8906598 bytes copied in 270.12 secs

  12. Recovering IOS Images • Check to see if an image is available in flash: rommon 1> dir flash: • If a valid image is present try to boot it: To identify why the IOS image did not load from flash: rommon 1> boot flash:c2600-is-mz.121-5 • If router now boots properly check the configuration register: Router# show version • If the configuration register value is correct check for boot system commands: Router# show startup-config If the router will not properly boot from the image or there is no IOS image, a new IOS will need to be downloaded. The IOS file may be recovered using either: • Xmodem to restore the image through the console • TFTP from the rommon mode

  13. Download using Xmodem from rommon > To restore the IOS through the console you need: • Copy of the IOS file on a PC. • Terminal emulation program such as HyperTerminal. Changing the baud rate from 9600 bps to 115200 bps speeds up the download. To change console speed from rommon: rommon 1> confreg Configuration Summary ..<output omitted>.. Console baud: 9600 Boot: the ROM Monitor Do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: y Enable diagnostic mode y/n [n]: ..<output omitted>.. Change console baud rate? y/n [n]: y Enter rate: 0 = 9600, 1 = 4800, 2 = 1200, 3 = 2400 4 = 19200, 5 = 38400, 6 = 57600, 7 = 115200 [0]: 7 Note: After changing the console speed and restarting the router in rommon mode, the original terminal session at 9600 bps should be terminated and a new session started to match the 115200 bps console speed.

  14. Use CRC for error checking during the download Download using Xmodem from rommon > The xmodem command can be used from the rommon mode to restore the IOS software image from the PC: Rommon 1> xmodem -c c2600-is-mz.122-10a.bin Do not start sending program yet… Warning: All existing data in bootflash will be lost! Invoke this application only for disaster recovery. Do you wish to continue? y/n [n]: y Ready to receive file c2600-is-mz.122-10a.bin . . . Next, In HyperTerminal select Transfer > Send File. Specify the image name/location select Xmodem as the protocol start the transfer. During the transfer the Sending File popup will display the status of the transfer. On completion, return config-register and HyperTerminal settings to normal.

  15. TFTP via E0… og Environment Variabler Downloading af et image med TFTP via rommon er den hurtigste måde at flytte et IOS image til en router. Dette kan gøres ved at sætte environmental variabler og derefter anvende kommandoen tftpdnld: rommon 1> IP_ADDRESS=10.0.0.1 rommon 2> IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0 rommon 3> DEFAULT_GATEWAY=10.0.0.254 rommon 4> TFTP_SERVER=192.168.1.1 rommon 5> TFTP_FILE=GAD/basic0204/c2600-I-mz.12-1.bin rommon 6> set IP_ADDRESS=10.0.0.1 IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0 DEFAULT_GATEWAY=10.0.0.254 TFTP_SERVER=192.168.1.1 TFTP_FILE=GAD/basic0204/c2600-i-mz.12-1.bin rommon 7> tftpdnld ..<output omitted>.. Receiving GAD/basic0204/c2600-I-mz.12-1.bin from 192.168.1.1 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! File reception completed

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