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Phonology: The Sound Pattern of Language

Semester 2, 2003 Introduction to English Linguistics. Phonology: The Sound Pattern of Language. Overview. What is Phonology? Phonology vs. Phonetics Basic Terminology. What is phonology?. The study of the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns

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Phonology: The Sound Pattern of Language

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  1. Semester 2, 2003 Introduction to English Linguistics Phonology: The Sound Pattern of Language Reviving Sonus

  2. Overview • What is Phonology? • Phonology vs. Phonetics • Basic Terminology Reviving Sonus

  3. What is phonology? • The study of the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns • the representation of the sounds & sound patterns in a speaker’s mental grammar • the study of the sound patterns in a language Reviving Sonus

  4. Phonology vs. Phonetics • Common properties • Studies on Sound Structure • Pronunciation instead of orthography Reviving Sonus

  5. Phonetics vs Phonology (differences) Reviving Sonus

  6. Meanings and Distinction of Basic Terminology • Phone • Phoneme • Allophone • Morpheme • Allomorph • Contrast Reviving Sonus

  7. Terminology (cntd.) • Phone • The minimal unit of speech sound • Different phones have different quality • Depending upon physical quality of sounds • A substantial surface entity • Transcribed in “[ ]” (eg. [p], [m]) Reviving Sonus

  8. Terminology (cntd.) • Phoneme • The minimal unit that distinguishes meaning • Phonemes do not carry meanings themselves. • The unit that makes the connection between sound and meaning • The basic unit of the contrast in phonology • An abstract entity • Transcribed in “/ /” (eg. /p/ /m/) Reviving Sonus

  9. Terminology (cntd.) • Allophone (phonetic variant) • Segments which are derived from the same phoneme • Reflects relationship between phoneme and phones • Gives a criterion for speech sound grouping • Guess to which ‘allophone’ is closer, ‘phoneme’ or ‘phone’? Reviving Sonus

  10. Terminology (cntd.) • Examples for phone/phoneme/allophone • Consider sounds in the words • goose, geese • Two [g] sounds are different • pine, speak, stop • Three [p] sounds are different Reviving Sonus

  11. Terminology (cntd.) • Phonemes and allophones are language dependent concepts • English and Korean liquids • r/l are phonemes in English but allophones in Korean. • English and Korean stops • English has voicing contrasts but Korean doesn’t. • Korean has sub-manner contrasts • eg) ph, p’ Reviving Sonus

  12. Terminology (cntd.) • How to distinguish phonemes from phones(or allophones) in a language • Minimal pair • Two word strings which has only one segmental difference at the same position (Eg. vine/pine, though/dough) • Complementary distribution • Mutual exclusiveness • Different allophones of the same phoneme do not occur in the same linguistic environment Reviving Sonus

  13. Terminology (cntd.) • Morpheme • The minimal unit that bears meaning • Compare with phoneme • Variants of the same morpheme • Different morphemes have different meanings but may sound the same -> Homophone (homonym) • Eg. tea/tee, flower/flour, too/two Reviving Sonus

  14. Terminology (cntd.) • Allomorph • Two different forms derived from the same morpheme • The same meaning • Example • Consider leaf[lif] / leaves[liv + z] • The only difference between them is plural/singular • It means [lif] and [liv] have the same meaning  They are called allomorphs Reviving Sonus

  15. Terminology (cntd.) • Contrast • The fact that different phonemes distinguish the words of a language from one another • Example • p and b sounds cause meaning contrast • Opposition & distinction are similar terms Reviving Sonus

  16. Principal speech organs • Lung, Trachea(windpipe) • Larynx • Vocal folds (chords, cords) • Glottis • Vocal tract • Pharynx • Nasal tract • Oral tract Reviving Sonus

  17. Reviving Sonus

  18. Classification & Identification of English Speech Sounds English Consonants English Vowels

  19. English Speech Sounds • Consonants • Sounds made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked or so restricted that audible friction is produced • Vowels • Sounds articulated without a complete closure in the mouth or a degree of narrowing which would produce audible friction • The air escapes evenly over the centre of the tongue. • Semi-vowels • Sounds functioning as a consonant but lacking the phonetic characteristics normally associated with consonants • Their quality is phonetically that of vowel. Reviving Sonus

  20. English Consonants • Criteria for distinction • Voicing • Place of articulation • Manner of articulation • Secondary articulation Reviving Sonus

  21. Voicing • Related to phonation • Voiced • Vocal cords vibrating • Examples • Vowels, sonorants [a, e, m, r …] • Voiceless • Glottis kept open • Examples • Voiceless obstruents [p, t, k, s …] Reviving Sonus

  22. bilabial labiodental interdental (apico)dental alveolar alveopalatal (postalveolar, palato-alveolar) palatal (dorso)velar uvular pharyngeal glottal Places of articulation Reviving Sonus

  23. Obstruents stop (plosive) complete closure release fricative partial obstruction turbulence airflow affricate stop + fricative Sonorants nasal liquid lateral central flap(tap) trill (eg. French uvular trill [R]) approximant Manners of articulation Reviving Sonus

  24. English Consonant chart Reviving Sonus

  25. English Consonant chart Reviving Sonus

  26. Describing consonant symbols • voicing-place-manner • examples • [p] voiceless bilabial stop • [z] voiced alveolar fricative • Class description • [p, t, k] voiceless stops Reviving Sonus

  27. English Vowels • Vowel Types • Monophthong • A vowel where there is no detectable change in quality during a syllable • Diphthong • A vowel where there is a single (perceptual) noticeable change in quality during a syllable Reviving Sonus

  28. Monophthongs • Criteria for distinguishing between various vowels • tongue height • tongue backness • tenseness • lip rounding • nasality • length Reviving Sonus

  29. Vowel(monophthong) Reviving Sonus

  30. Vowel(monophthong) chart [IPA symbols in brackets] Reviving Sonus

  31. Diphthongs • Definition • A diphthong is a phonetic sequence, consisting of a vowel and a glide, that is interpreted as a single vowel. • Types • On-glide diphthong: Glide + Vowel • Off-glide diphthong: Vowel + Glide Reviving Sonus

  32. Diphthongs(cntd.) • Examples of on-glide diphthongs Reviving Sonus

  33. Diphthongs(cntd.) • Examples of on-glide diphthongs Reviving Sonus

  34. Diphthongs (cntd.) • Examples of off-glide diphthongs (American English) • midwestern dialect • ay ey aw y w • California dialect • ay aw y • See • http://www.ling.mq.edu.au/courses/ling210-901/course/phonetics/vowelgraphs/USE_Diphthongs.html Reviving Sonus

  35. Describing vowel symbols • Height-Backness-Tenseness-Rounding • examples • [i] high front tense (unrounded) vowel • [Q] low front (lax) (unrounded) vowel • Class description • examples • [i, I, e, E, Q] front (unrounded) vowels • [i, u] high tense vowels Reviving Sonus

  36. Diacritics for secondary articulation Reviving SONUS

  37. Describing 2ndary articulation symbols • Consonants • voicing-(place 2nd)-place-(manner 2nd)-manner • examples • [p] voiceless bilabial stop • [pH] voiceless bilabial aspirated stop • [pJ py] voiceless palatalized bilabial stop • [pHJ] voiceless palatalized bilabial aspirated stop • Vowels • Height-backness-tenseness-rounding-2nd • Examples • [E)] mid front lax unrounded nasalised vowel Reviving Sonus

  38. Transcription of Speech Sounds Methods of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent way

  39. Phonemic vs. Phonetic transcription • Phonemic transcription • Only the units which account for differences of meaning are represented • Usually broad transcription • Use / / (eg: /pEn/) • Phonetic transcription • Sounds are symbolized on the basis of their articulatory/auditory identity regardless of their function in a language • Both broad & narrow transcriptions are possible • Use [ ] (eg: [pEn], [pHE)n] ) Reviving Sonus

  40. Broad vs. Narrow transcription • Broad transcription • Less detailed • The broadest transcription  phonemic transcription • eg) /pEn/ [pEn] • Narrow transcription • Relatively detailed • eg) [pHE)n] Reviving Sonus

  41. Various transcription conventions • IPA transcription • American Conventions • Machine Readable Conventions Reviving Sonus

  42. IPA transcription • Approved and provided by International Phonetic Association • Aiming to invent symbols which can describe speech sounds of all languages • Used mainly in UK and Europe • Full IPA here Reviving Sonus

  43. American Conventions • Many versions • Fries(1945) system • Kenyon(1958) system • Prator & Robinett (1985) system • In Generative Phonology based on Ame. English • Fries system is frequently used for consonants & monophthongs • but Prator & Robinett system for diphthongs Reviving Sonus

  44. IPA vs. American convention Reviving Sonus

  45. Machine Readable Transcription • Using only keyboard friendly fonts (ASCII Characters) • Frequently used for speech technology • Major versions • SAMPA by University College London • TIMITBET by Texas Instruments & MIT • ARPABET • WorldBET by Hieronymus (1993) • OGI_BET by Oregon Graduate Institute Reviving Sonus

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