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The Origins of the Cold War

The Origins of the Cold War. Cold War began during WWII. Post-War Differences. USA & Britain want to postpone postwar decisions on Europe Russia wants decisions made immediately 1943-Big 3 at Teheran decide on strategies to invade Germany 1945-Yalta Conference

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The Origins of the Cold War

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  1. The Origins of the Cold War

  2. Cold War began during WWII

  3. Post-War Differences • USA & Britain want to postpone postwar decisions on Europe • Russia wants decisions made immediately • 1943-Big 3 at Teheran decide on strategies to invade Germany • 1945-Yalta Conference • Germany divided into zones - Germany must pay! • Russia will declare war on Japan after Germany done in • 1945-Postdam Conference • Truman demands free elections in Eastern Europe • Stalin says nyet! • USA avoids confrontation in Eastern Europe

  4. Post-War Germany

  5. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

  6. The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL spread world-wide Communism GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] • METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

  7. West vs East

  8. American Moves Truman cuts off aid to Russia because Stalin does not allow free elections Marshall Plan established to send aid to Europe Truman Doctrine-contain communism in Europe with aid USA creates alliance in Europe North Atlantic Treaty Alliance ( N.A.T.O.)

  9. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain

  10. Russian Moves • Russians blockade access to Berlin • Russians form alliance with Eastern European countries • Warsaw Pact

  11. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

  12. Warsaw Pact (1955) • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania

  13. Around the Globe Communist Chinese (backed by Russia) defeat Nationalist Chinese (backed by USA) Communists in North Korea invade South Korea United Nations come to aid of South Korea United Nations gain edge Gen. MacArthur pushes for invasion of China Truman nixes move, fires the general 1953- truce arranged in Korea

  14. The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953) Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory”

  15. The Western Renaissance

  16. The Postwar Challenge

  17. Post-War Germany • Food rationed • Russian and Polish borders pushed west-smaller Germany • USA aid given to West Germany an advantage • West Germany adopts free market economy, social welfare, and price controls

  18. Toward European Unity

  19. Democratic republics established in France, Germany and Italy • Leaders preferred a politically united Europe but settle for economic unity-form Common Market • Leader of France, DeGaulle, wants his country to lead Common Market • France vetoes British membership in Common Market

  20. DeGaulle’s Achievements • Settled the Algerian Crisis. • Made France a nuclear power. • Sustained general prosperity. • Maintained a stable, democratic government. • Made France more politically independent.

  21. Decolonization

  22. Why imperialism declined • Demands for self-determination • World War I weakened European countries • How can West consider themselves morally superior?

  23. Changes in the New World India granted independence in 1947 French give up Syria and Lebanon Jewish state formed in Palestine French defeated in Vietnam in 1954 French hold onto Algeria until 1962

  24. Neocolonialism • Definition: European power exits colony but keeps economic and cultural ties so it still has powerful influence • Ex: French and English leave their African colonies but the countries still use their European language and government system. Much of the land is retained by white settlers

  25. America’s Civil Rights Revolution

  26. Postwar Prosperity in USA

  27. Peacetime USA • Don’t rock the boat • Eisenhower pushes for interstate highway system for defense purposes • Kennedy elected and country looks forward to the “New Frontier”

  28. Civil Rights Revolution

  29. Johnson administration • Supreme Court declares segregation illegal • Blacks use non-violent protest to bring about change • Liberal Democrats support civil rights • Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination • Voting Rights Act gives all Americans right to vote • War on Poverty declared • USA begins road to “welfare state”

  30. Soviet Eastern Europe

  31. Eastern Europe • Stalin begins new purges in the 50s • Five Year plans reintroduced • Military sector improves at cost to private sector • Stalin purges leaders in Soviet controlled Eastern Europe • Stalin dies in 1953

  32. Reform and deStalinization

  33. Krushchev • DeStalinization begins • Eastern European countries push for reforms • Poland successful, Hungary crushed in 1956 • Krushchev successful with Berlin Wall but not so with missiles in Cuba • Krushchev falls in 1964 and ReStalinization begins

  34. The Hungarian Uprising: 1956 Imre Nagy, HungarianPrime Minister • Promised free elections. • This could lead to the end of communist rule in Hungary.

  35. Premier Nikita Khrushchev About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvite us to come to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you. -- 1956 De-Stalinization Program

  36. Nixon-Khrushchev“Kitchen Debate”(1959)

  37. U-2 Spy Incident (1960) Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

  38. Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961

  39. Paris, 1961 Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

  40. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) CheckpointCharlie

  41. Ich bin ein Berliner!(1963) President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

  42. Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

  43. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

  44. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

  45. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

  46. Vietnam War: 1965-1973

  47. The End of Reform

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