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Chemical Reaction and Bonding in Organic Compounds

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Explore the reactions and bonds in C2H4, C3H6, C4H8, C5H10, C6H12, C7H14 with detailed explanations and examples.

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Chemical Reaction and Bonding in Organic Compounds

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    1. ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ???????.

    3. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????, ???????? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ?????????? 85,7 %. ????????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?? ????? ????? 2. ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????? 0,7 ? ???????????? ?????? ???????? (IV) ? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? 0,05 ???? ??????. ????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? 2,5. ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????? 11,2 ? ???????? 35,2 ? ?????? ???????? (IV) ? 14,4 ? ????. ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? 1,93. ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????.

    4. ???????

    5. ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? – ????????????, ?????????? ? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????, ? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?n?2n, ??? n = 2.

    6. ?????????????? ??????? ????? (? - ?) ??? ???????????? – ????????? ???? – ????? ????? ? = ? – ???????? - ??? ????? – ?? ???? ???????????? –

    7. ????? ??????????? sp2-????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? s- ? ???? p-??????????:

    9. ?????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C5H10 C6H12 C7H14

    10. ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????: 1-?? ??? – ??????????? ????????: ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? 2-?? ??? – ???????????????? ????????: ??????????????

    11. ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? (?5?10) 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 ??2 = ? – ??2 – ??3 ??2 = ?? – ?? – ??3 ??3 ??3 2-??????????-1 3-??????????-1 1 2 3 4 ??3 – ? = ?? – ??3 ??3 2-??????????-2

    12. ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ( ?5?10) 1 2 3 4 5 ??2 = ?? – ??2 – ??2 – ??3 ??????-1 1 2 3 4 5 ??3 – ?? = ?? – ??2 – ??3 ??????-2

    13. ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????. ?2? – ??2 ?? – ??3 ?2? – ??2 ?2? ??2 ?????????? ???????????????? ??3 = ?? – ??2 – ??3 - ?????-1 ?????????? ? ???????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????, ?. ?. ???????? ????? ??????? ?4?8 .

    14. ??????? ???????????? ???????? ( ?5?10)

    15. ???????????????? ???????? (?4?8) ??? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????, ? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????. 1 4 1 ? 2 3 2 3 ? = ? ? = ? 4 ? ? ? ???-?????-2 ?????-?????-2

    16. ?????????????? ??????? ??????

    17. ???????: 4- ????????? -2

    18. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ????, ?? ?????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????????????. ?2– ?4 - ???? ?5– ?16 - ???????? ?17… - ??????? ???????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ???????, ? ?????????????? ????, ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????????, ????????????? ????????? ???????.

    19. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????. ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????, ????????? ?? s- ? p-??????. ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? p-?????, ??? ????? ???????.

    20. ???? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????.

    21. ???????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? p-????? ???????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ??????????. ?????????????? ?????????????: ?????? p-????? ????????? ?? ????????????????? ?????????, ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????. ????????-??????????? ?????????????: ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????????? ?????????, ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????.

    22. ???????????????????? ???????

    23. ??????? ????????????? 1. ????????????. C?2 = ??2 + ?2 ??3 – ??3 ???? ???? ??????? ???????: ??????????? – Ni, Pt, Pd 2. ???????????????. 1 2 3 C?2 = ?? – ??3 + ?l – ?l ??2 – ?? – ??3 ?????? Cl Cl 1,2-???????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????.

    24. ?????????????? ?????????????

    25. ??????? ????????????? 3. ????????????????????. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 ??2 = ?? – ??2 – ??3 + ? – ?l C?3 – ?? – ??2 – ??3 ?????-1 Cl 2-????????? 4. ??????????. 1 2 3 1 2 3 C?2 = ?? – ??3 + ? – ?? ??3 – ?? – ??3 ?????? ?? ????????-2 ??????? ???????: ??????????? – ?????? ???????, ???????????. ????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ? ???????? ?.?. ????????????.

    26. ???????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?.?. ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????, ? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????????? – ? ???????? ??????????????.

    27. ??????? ????????????? (????????-??????????? ?????????????) ????????????? – ??? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ???????. s s s ??2 = ??2 + ??2 = ??2 + ??2 = ??2 + … p p p s s s – ??2 – ??2 – + – ??2 – ??2 – + – ??2 – ??2 – … – ??2 – ??2 – ??2 – ??2 – ??2 – ??2 – … ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???: n ??2 = ??2 (– ??2 – ??2 –)n ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????: ?????????? ???????????, ????????, ???????????.

    28. ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????

    29. ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????. (?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????). 3??2 = ??2 + 2??n?4 + 4?2? 3??2 - ??2 + 2?n?2 + 2??? ?? ?? ??? ?2?4 + (?) + ?2? ?2?4(??)2

    30. ??????? ????????? 3. ?????????????? ?????????. ?) 2??2 = ??2 + ?2 2??3 – C?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????: ??????????? – ??????? ????? ???? ????? PdCl2 ? CuCl2. ?) 2??2 = ??2 + ?2 2??2 ??2 ???? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????: ??????????? – Ag, t = 150-350Ί?

    31. ??????? ???????

    32. ????????? ? ??????? ???????

    33. ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?.?. ???????: ??? ?????????? ???????????????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ????????. ?????????????????????? ??????????????. ?3? - ??2- ???l - ??3 + ??? ? ?3? - ?? - ?? - ??3 + ??l + ?2? 2-????????? ?????-2 ??????? ???????: ??????????. ???????????? ???????. ?3? - ??2 - ?? ? ?2? - ??2 + ?2? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????: ??????????? – ?2SO4(????.), t = 180Ί?. ????????????????? ????????????????. ?3? - ??Cl - ??2?l + ?g ? ?3?-?? - ??2 + MgCl2 1,2-??????????? ??????

    34. ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ?10?20 ?5?12 + ?5?8 ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????: ??????????? ? ???????????. ?????????????? ???????. ??3 – ??2 – ??3 ??2 - ?? – ??3 + ?2 ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????: t = 400-600Ί? ? ??????????? (Ni, Pt, Al2O3 ??? Cr2O3). ???????????? ???????. C? = ?? + ?2 ??2 - ??2 ???? ???? ??????? ???????: ??????????? – Pt, Pd, Ni.

    35. ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????-?????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ????. ??2 = ?? – ??3 + ?r2 CH2Br – CHBr – CH3 ?????? 1,2-???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????. 3??2 = ?? – ??3 + 2??n?4 + 4?2? ?????? 1 2 3 3??2?? – ???? – ??3 + 2?n?2 + 2??? ??????????-1,2

    36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ?) ??3-?-??-??2-??-??3 ??3 ??3 1 4 5 6 ?) ?3? ??2-??2-??3 2 3 ? - ? ? ? 2 1 ?) ??3-??2-?-??2 3 4 5 ??3-??-??2-??3 ??????: ?) 2,5-?????????????-2 ?) ???-??????-??????-2 ?) 3-?????-2-??????????-1 ???????? ????????? ??????

    37. ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???????

    38. ?) ??3-??=??2 + ??l ? ? ?) ??2=??-??2-??3 + ?Br ? ? ?) ??3-??2-??=??2 + ??? ? ? ??????: ?) ??3-??=??2 + ??l ? ??3-??Cl-??3 ?) ??2=??-??2-??3 + ?Br ? ??3-??Br-??2-??3 ?) ??3-??2-??=??2 + ??? ? ??3-??2-??-??3 ??

    39. ??????????? ???????????: + ???(?????),t + ?Br + Na ??3-(??2)2-??2Br ?1 ?2 ?3

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