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Understanding Economics: Concepts and Applications

This comprehensive guide covers fundamental economic principles, key concepts, and their real-world applications. Explore supply and demand, opportunity costs, trade-offs, benefits and costs analysis, and more. Perfect for students and enthusiasts alike.

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Understanding Economics: Concepts and Applications

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    1. 1 ????????? ??? ?????????? ? ??? ?????????

    2. 2 ??? ??: ????????????? 1. ?????????? 2. ???????? (1)?????????????????? (2) ??????????? 3. ???????? 4. ????????????? 5. ???????? 6. ????????

    3. 3 ?????????? ????(concept)???:????????? ?????????,??????????????????,?????(????),??????,?????? ????????????????? ?????????????????,?????????,????,??????????????,?????????????????? ????????? ????????: ????:?????,???,????????????(???)? ????:???????????????,??????,???? ?????(???)?

    4. 4 ??????? ???????????: ???????????????(????)?????(?????,2001)? ??????????,??????????????????????,????????,??????????(?????,2000)? ??????????:???????????????????????????(?????,2002)? ????????,????????????????????

    5. 5 ??????????????????? 1. ?????????? 2. ?? vs.??? 3. ???? vs.???? 4. ??(optimal)??? 5. ??(trade off)??? 6. ??? 7. ???

    6. 6 ?????????? ??????????????????????????, ??????????? ?????????????????????????, ??????????????????

    7. 7 ????(opportunity costs)??? ???????: ???????????????,??????????????????,??????????????? ?????: ????????,?????,?????????,?????????????? ????: ??????X?????,?????Y???????

    8. 8 ???? vs. ???? ???????????????,?????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,??????? ?????????????,???????,???????

    9. 9 ????????? ????????????, ???????????????(??),?????????????(?),????????? ???,????????????,????????????,???????????

    10. 10 ?? vs. ??? ????????????,??????(total)????(marginal) ???, ????????,??????(total benefit, TB)?????(marginal benefit, MB); ????, ??????(total cost, TC) ?????(marginal cost, MC) ? (Q ????) ????????????, ????????(???????), ??????????????????????, ???????????

    11. 11 ????(??)????

    12. 12 ?????????:????????????????

    13. 13

    14. 14 ???????

    15. 15 ????????: ????? ?????????, ???????????????, ??????????, ????? (????), ?????(optimal) ? ???????????????????????, ??????????????

    16. 16 ??????

    17. 17 ???????(?): ??????????

    18. 18 ???????(?): ??????(??)

    19. 19 ??(trade off)??? ??????, ??????????????????, ??????????????benefit (????)?cost (????)????????????,????????????????????? ???????????,?????????????,?????????????????????

    20. 20 ????? (?): ????????? ?????????risk protection ???,???????? moral hazard ???(??????????)???,?????????????????,??? risk protection ? moral hazard problem ?????????? ??????????,????????(??moral hazard)???????????????????(???????????)?????????

    21. 21 ????? (?): ????????? ?????????,????????: ???: ???????????,???????; ???: ?????????????,??????????? ?????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????(??????),??????????????(?????????) ?

    22. 22 ????? (?): ???????? ????????????,???????,?????? provider ?????????,???????????,???????????,?????????,case payment, capitation ?,?????????????????????(supply-side cost sharing) ? ???????????????(????????),????????????????(????????)? ?????????,???????????????,????????????????????

    23. 23 ??? ???????????????????: Q = F (L, K) ?? Q ????, L ????????, K ????????? ????????????,?????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????,??????????

    24. 24 ??????

    25. 25 ????????????? 1993?????????? Gary Becker ??????????,???????????,?1965?????????(household production function):?????????????,??????????,???????????(consumption commodities)? ?????????? Michael Grossman ? Becker ???????????,????????(health production function)???:?????????????????,????????,????? ???????????: H = f(M, LS, T) ?? H ????????,LS????????????,T???????????????

    26. 26 ????????????? ???????????(??)??,????????????, ????????????,?????????????????,???????????? ???????: H = f(M, LS),??????????(????????)???????, ?????????? ???????: H = f(M1, M2,…) ??????????????,?? M1????Surgery,M2 ???? Drug ? ???????: H = f(D1, D2,…),????????????????,????????????????,??: D1???????, D2??????

    27. 27 ???(Heterogeneity) ?????????????????????????, ???????????????????????: 1. ??????? 2. ??????? 3. ???????? ??????????, ??????????????, ?????????????, ?????????????????????

    28. 28 ????????? ????? ?????

    29. 29 ????????????? ??(labor)???(capital) ??????????????,??,????????????????: Q = F(L, K) ???????????????????????????:???????,????????????????(???)???,??????,?????????????? ????????????, ??????,?1960????????????????????(human capital) ???: ???????, ????????????, ??????????????, ??????????, ????????????????

    30. 30 ?????????????(?) ?????????????: 1. ?? ?????? ????? 2. ?? ??????????,????????????????????,???????????,??????????????????????? ????,???????,????????????, ???????????????

    31. 31 ???????? ?????????????????, ????????????????????????? ?????????: ??????(????)?????????????(???????, producing harder), ????(Y0?Y2), ?????(?????????, producing smart)?????????????(Y2?Y1) ? ???????,?????????????,?????????,??????????????????????? ?????????????????,???????????????????????????? ?????????,???????????,?????????????,????????,?????????????????????

    32. Lawrence J. Lau, Stanford University 32

    33. 33 ??????????????? ???????? Michael Grossman?? Becker ??????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????? ??????????????,?????????Grossman ??,???????????????,??????????? ??????????????,???????????,????,??????,???????????????????,?????????????: H = f (M, LS, E; S)

    34. 34 ??????????? ???????????,????????????,???????????,?????????????????????????????,??,????????????????????????????,????????????,??????????? ????????,????????????????,??????????????????,???????????????????

    35. 35 ???????? ??????? ????-???? ????-????

    36. 36

    37. 37

    38. 38 ?????????(?) ????????????????????, ??????????????,????????????? ??????,??????????????????????,?????????? ??????,??????????,?????

    39. 39 ???????? ???? ??????????,????????????????????????????,???????????(?????)????????????????????????????? ????????????????????,???????????,???????????????(??)????????????????????,???????? ?????????????????????????,?????????

    40. 40 ????????(?) ??????????????????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????? ??????, ??????????????,???????,???????(???????)??????,????????,???????????????,????????????,????????????????

    41. 41

    42. 42

    43. 43

    44. 44

    45. 45

    46. 46

    47. 47 ????????(?) ????????????(???????),?????????,??????????????????????,??????????:???????????????????,?????????,??????????????,???????????

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