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Overview of High Consequence Livestock Pathogens

Overview of High Consequence Livestock Pathogens. For veterinarians. USDA High Consequence Livestock Pathogens and Toxins. Disease Awareness. Veterinarians recognize animal diseases at the local level Prepare by knowing Typical signs of diseases Basic disease etiology

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Overview of High Consequence Livestock Pathogens

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  1. Overview of High Consequence Livestock Pathogens For veterinarians

  2. USDA High Consequence Livestock Pathogens and Toxins Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  3. Disease Awareness • Veterinarians recognize animal diseases at the local level • Prepare by knowing • Typical signs of diseases • Basic disease etiology • Economic and trade impact • How to report suspected cases • Disseminate knowledge Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  4. Overview • Importance of agriculture and livestock to U.S. economy • High consequence livestock pathogens • CDC’s Category A, B, C Bioterrorism Agent List • Additional diseases • Veterinarian’s responsibilities Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  5. Importance of Agriculture & Livestock

  6. U.S. Agriculture • Exports are our lifeblood • 2003, $56.2 billion exported in agricultural commodities • $12.2 billion from animal/animal products • Some diseases reportable to the OIE • Trade could be halted • Negative effect on economy, livestock/grain producers, and employment rate Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  7. U.S. Animal Data, 2003 Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  8. Some Agents are Zoonotic • Disease may be seen in animals before humans • Animals are sentinels • Pets, livestock, wildlife • Protect yourself • Educate your clients about the risks Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  9. Biosecurity: Veterinarians • Disinfect your clothes, boots, equipment between farms • Avoid vehicle contamination • Follow biosecurity guidelines set forth by species-specific associations Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  10. CDC Category ABC Agent Overview

  11. Classification • Prepared by the CDC’s Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Office • Category A: Highest priority • Category B: Second highest priority • Category C: Third highest priority Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  12. Category A Anthrax Botulism Tularemia Category C Nipah CDC Category ABC Agents Category B • Brucellosis • Glanders • Melioidosis • Q Fever • Viral encephalitis • Toxins Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  13. “Weaponization” of Agents • Alter characteristics of a pathogen to make it a more effective weapon • Enhance transmission • Increase virulence • Resistant to antibiotics • Evade vaccine protection • Alter clinical signs Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  14. Note to presenter • As time allows select diseases you would like to review. • The CDC Category A,B,C diseases are listed first, and then you will see the additional High Consequence Livestock Pathogens. • The disease coverage is brief. If you would like more information on a disease, refer to the fact sheet or to the disease specific presentation. Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  15. CDC Category A Anthrax Botulism Tularemia

  16. Anthrax: The Agent • Bacillus anthracis – Gram positive spore-forming bacteria • Forms spores • Human disease • Skin • Intestinal • Pulmonary • Animal disease • Septicemia and rapid death Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  17. Anthrax: The Bioweapon • History • Available & easily produced • Spores infective • Aerosolization • Low lethal dose • High mortality • Person-to-person transmission rare Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  18. Anthrax: The Response • Vaccine • Humans • Animals • Antibiotics • Treatment • Prophylaxis • Disinfection • Sporicidal agents, sterilization Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  19. Botulism: The Agent • Clostridium botulinum – Gram positive, spore-forming bacteria • 7 different neurotoxins • Types A-G • Clinical signs • Flaccid paralysis • Pigs, dogs, and cats fairly resistant Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  20. Botulism: The Bioweapon • Used by Aum Shinrikyo cult in Japan • Aerosolized • Easy to produce and transport • Potent and lethal • Most poisonous substance known Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  21. Botulism: The Response • Toxoids for high risk people • Antitoxin available • Case-by-case basis • Botulinum toxins are easily inactivated with many disinfectants and heat Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  22. Tularemia: The Agent • Francisella tularensis • Transmitted by ingestion, inhalation, vectors, direct contact through skin • Six clinical forms in humans Glandular Ulceroglandular Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  23. Tularemia: The Agent • Sheep, young pigs, horses, dogs, cats • Sudden fever, lethargy, stiffness, prostration, and death • Wildlife • Usually find dead • Rabbits behave strangely • Cattle, older pigs resistant Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  24. Tularemia: The Bioweapon • Stable • Aerosolized • Low infective dose via inhalation • Case fatality: 30-60% (untreated) • WHO estimation: 1970 • 50 kg agent: City population 5 million • 250,000 ill • 19,000 deaths Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  25. Tularemia: The Response • Person-to-person transmission not documented • Antibiotics effective, if early or prophylactic • Vaccine • For high risk individuals • Unknown efficacy against inhalational tularemia Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  26. CDC Category B Brucellosis Q Fever Glanders Toxins Melioidosis Viral Encephalitis

  27. Brucellosis: The Agent • Gram-negative bacteria • Ingestion, inhalation, or direct contact • Clinical signs • Humans: cyclic fever and flu-like symptoms • Animals: reproductive signs Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  28. Brucellosis: The Agent Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  29. Brucellosis: The Bioweapon • History • Highly infectious • Easily aerosolized • Stable • Prolonged incubation period • May make diagnosis difficult • Person-to-person unlikely Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  30. Brucellosis: The Response • Long term antibiotics generally effective • Vaccinate calves, no human vaccine • Eliminate reservoir • Standard precaution to avoid exposure • Thorough disinfection Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  31. Glanders: The Agent • Burkholderia mallei: Gram-negative • Transmission by ingestion, inhalation, or direct contact • Animal-to-human transmission is inefficient • Clinical signs • Humans & horses: cutaneous & pulmonary lesions, rapidly fatal illness Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  32. Glanders: The Bioweapon • History • WWI Russian horses • WWII Chinese civilians, horses, POW’s • Easy to produce • Aerosolized, highly infectious • Mortality high in chronic form • 50-70% • Person to person transmission: Rare Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  33. Glanders: The Response • No vaccine • Antibiotic therapy likely effective • Destroyed by various chemicals Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  34. Melioidosis: The Agent • Burkholderia pseudomallei: Gram-negative • Transmission: Contact, ingestion, inhalation • Clinical signs: Humans, sheep, goats, and pigs • Asymptomatic to pneumonia, lung and wound abscesses Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  35. Melioidosis: The Bioweapon • Easy to produce • Available • Aerosolization • High mortality: 90% • Person-to-person (rare) • Animal-to-person (rare) Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  36. Melioidosis: The Response • Long-term, multiple antibiotics effective • Vaccines available: not in U.S. • Easily destroyed by disinfectants Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  37. Toxins: The Agents • Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) • Ricin toxin from castor plant • Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  38. SEB: The Agent • Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) • A common cause of food poisoning • Clinical signs: Humans • Fever, chills, headache, myalgia • Non-productive cough if inhaled • GI signs if swallowed • Animals: Likely similar to human Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  39. Ricin: The Agent • Ricin toxin from bean of castor plant • Available worldwide • Clinical signs • Acute onset of fever, chest tightness, cough, dyspnea, nausea Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  40. Epsilon Toxin: The Agent • Clostridium perfringens type B and D • Increases intestinal and vascular permeability, liver and neurological damage • Clinical signs • Calves: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, listlessness, neurologic • Sheep, goats: Watery to bloody diarrhea, neurologic • Humans: Little information Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  41. Toxins: The Bioweapon • History • Aerosolized: SEB, ricin • Available worldwide • Easy to produce, stable • Many species affected • No person-to-person transmission Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  42. Toxins: The Response • Supportive care • No vaccines currently available for SEB or ricin • Vaccines for animals for clostridial disease • Toxins are inactivated with common disinfectants Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  43. Viral Encephalitis: The Agent • The Alphaviruses: EEE, WEE, and VEE • Transmitted via mosquito • Clinical signs • Humans, horses, donkeys, mules: Often asymptomatic to flu-like • Encephalitis in small proportions • Birds are asymptomatic carriers, act as sentinels Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  44. Viral Encephalitis:The Bioweapon • Easy to produce • Aerosolization • High rate of infection • Person-to-person transmission possible Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  45. Supportive care Vaccine Equine Human: High risk Virus unstable in environment Viral Encephalitis:The Response Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  46. CDC Category C Nipah

  47. Nipah Virus: The Agent • Paramyxovirus • Fruit bat reservoir • Clinical signs • Humans: Encephalitis • Pigs: Respiratory, neurological • Dogs and cats: “Distemper” Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  48. Nipah Virus: The Bioweapon • Aerosolization potential • Wide host range • No person-to-person transmission expected • High morbidity and mortality Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  49. Nipah Virus: The Response • Avoid contact with all infected animals and fluids • Vaccine being researched • Call authorities immediately Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

  50. Other Important Diseases • Rift Valley Fever • Hendra Virus Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

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