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PP 1. Gas exchange. Features of gas exchange in animals. Inspired vs. expired air. Body produces CO 2 due to respiration Nitrogen diffuses into blood and then diffuses back out (inspire/ expire). Know the difference.

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PP 1

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  1. PP 1 Gas exchange

  2. Features of gas exchange in animals

  3. Inspired vs. expired air • Body produces CO 2 due to respiration • Nitrogen diffuses into blood and then diffuses back out (inspire/ expire)

  4. Know the difference • Ventilation: pumping mechanism that moves air into and out of the lungs efficiently, thereby maintaining the concentration gradient of diffusion • Gas Exchange: The exchange of gases between an organism and its surroundings (uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide in animal and plants) • Cell Respiration: The controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells (a continuous process in all cells)

  5. Intercostal Muscles Internal and External Intercostal Muscles (ICM)

  6. Steps to ventilation

  7. Mucus / Cillia / Gas Exchange • Mucous Membranes - a physical barrier that traps potential pathogens • Epithelium cells form mucus membrane (more fragile than skin) • Constantly flushed with fluids ( mucus, saliva, tears)

  8. Cilia • CILIA in the trachea - move inhaled material trapped in the mucous to the top of the trachea where it is dumped down the oesophagus to be destroyed by stomach acids (HCl)and enzymes. • Eye lashes • Cilia moves in unison – moving moving along partials like a brush Nicotine in tobacco can kill these cells!

  9. Exercise on Breathing • Muscles work hard – rapid respiration • Faster respiration – more CO2 generated • CO2 goes to blood and dissolves in blood plasma • It produces a weak acid – carbonic acid (lowers pH) • Brain detects pH change • Sends signal to intercostal muscle & Diaphragm • Causing these muscles to contract hard and fast • Result – rapid breathing • Therefore fast oxygen delivery to cells / CO2 removal faster

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