Analysis of NATURAL ENERGY SOURCES

1. Analysis of NATURAL ENERGY SOURCES P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Understand True Potential of A Resource to Develop Eco-friendly Technologies…...

2. Sun Provides Energy to All Plantes • The Sun releases energy at a mass–energy conversion rate of 4.26 million metric tons of hydrogen per second. • Rate of Energy Release: 3.846×1026 W.

3. Basic Truth of Energy Resources !!! • Only energy income to earth is Solar Energy. • Solar energy is a direct and Native source to all. • Solar Energy is available everywhere. • A single reason for All that Happens on Earth !!!

4. The Sun Enlightens Every Life • Kowsalya supraja Rama poorva sandhya pravarthatheUthishta narasardoola karthavyam daivamahnikam

5. The Earth : A System to Create Diversity in Energy Source The flow of energy from a source to a sink through an intermediate system orders that system. Morowitz [1992]

6. ONE TIME RESOURCE INCOMING RESOURCE SOLAR ENERGY CO2 + H2O PHTOSYNTHESIS SOLAR RADIATION WINDS VEGETATION VELOCITY CHEMICAL ENERGY THERMAL WAVE WIND ENERGY CLOUDS OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY FOSSILIZATION RAINS HYDRO ENERGY COAL FOSSIL FUEL PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS

7. Time vs Form of Energy Source

8. First Law Analysis of Generation of Energy Sources on Earth

9. Creation of Wind (Power Potential)

10. Creation of Wind (Power Potential) : First Law Analysis 175 million million Watts

11. Wind Power Potential Map of India

12. Mini Hydro-Power Potential Map of India

13. Biomass Power Potential Map of India

14. Coal Map of India

15. Unused (by Nature) Solar Power Potential Map of India

16. Extra-Somatic Utilization of Sources (Source) Usable form of Power Energy System Land, Water & Air (Sinks)

17. Evolution of World Primary Energy Consumption

18. Cost of Electricity using Renewable Sources

19. The Role of COAL in 21st Century • Coal currently fuels 40% of the world’s electricity and is forecasted to continue to supply a strategic share over the next three decades.

20. The Share of Crude Oil in 21st Century Oil remains the world’s leading fuel, accounting for 32.9% of total global energy consumption.

21. World Combustion CO2 Emissions

22. Theory of Fossil Fuel Formation

23. A tree converts disorder to order with a little help from the Sun • The building materials are in a highly disordered state - gases, liquids and vapors. • The tree takes in carbon dioxide from the air, water from the earth as well as a small amount from water vapor in the air. • From this disordered beginning, it produces the highly ordered and highly constrained sugar molecules, like glucose. The radiant energy from the Sun gets transferred to the bond energies of the carbons and the other atoms in the glucose molecule. In addition to making the sugars, the plants also release oxygen which is essential for animal life.

24. P=?? Qexit m Oxygen m CO2 m vegetation m water Qin Analysis of Photosynthesis

25. Coal : First Kind of Entropy Vehicle

26. Oil & Gas : Entropy Vehicles – 2 & 3

27. Timing of Newton’s Law???

28. Utilization of Chemical Energy : Calorific Value Matter • Creation of Disorder for better living ?!?!!? • As Food (ADP to ATP) • As a Medicine • As Fuel • Direct combustion • Production of Fuels • Direct Electric Energy

29. Q W m Oxygen m CO2 m vegetation m water Q First Law Analysis of Photosynthesis : SSSF The Global Reaction Equation: Conservation of Mass: First Laws for furnace in SSSF Mode:

30. Theory of Coal Formation

31. Coalification • Orgin of Coal : A complex mixture of plant substances altered in varying degree by physical and chemical process. • Reaction time : ~~ 365 million years. • Mechanism of Formation: • In Situ Theory : Coal seam occupies the same site where original plants grew and accumulated. • Drift Theory : Plants and trees were uprooted and drifted by rivers to lakes and estuaries to get deposited. • During the course of time they got buried underground. Indian coals are formed according to drift theory.

32. In Situ Theory Carboniferous periods of the Paleozoic when these areas were covered with forests The humid climate of the Carboniferous Period (360 to 286 million years ago), which favoured the growth of huge tropical seed ferns and giant nonflowering trees, created the vast swamp areas

33. Sequence of Actions in Coalification Dead Organic Matter Living Plants & Trees Bio-Chemical Degradation of Organic Material Thermo-chemical Conversion

34. Bio - Chemical Degradation of Dead Plants • As the plants died and fell into the boggy waters. • These Boggy waters excluded sufficient oxygen. • Bacteria could only partially decomposed but did not rot away the dead plants. • The absence of oxygen killed the bacteria. • The vegetation was changed into peat, some of which was brown and spongy, some black and compact, depending on the degree of decomposition. • Peat deposition is the first step in the formation of coal.

35. Formation of Peat • Natural Rate of reaction : 3cm layer per 100 years. • Light brown fibrous at the surface and colour becomes darker with depth. • Typical Composition: Moisture : 85%, Volatile Matter : 8 %, Fixed Carbon : 4%, Ash : 3%. • Calorifica Value : ~2730 kJ/kg. • Occurrence of Peat : Nilgiri Hills and banks of Hooghly. • Sun dried Peat is very useful as a fuel with following composition: • Moisture : 20%, Volatile Matter : 50 %, Fixed Carbon : 25%, Ash : 5% • Bulk density : 300 kg/m3and low furnace temperature and efficiency. • Products from Peat: Charcoal, Producer gas.

36. m Peat m vegetation m CO2 Q m CH4 First Law Analysis of Formation of Peat :SSSF P=?? Species Conservation Equation: Conservation of Mass: First Laws for furnace in SSSF Mode:

37. Thermo-chemical / Geo-Chemical Stage • The decayed vegetation was subjected to extreme temperature and crushing pressures. • It took several hundred million years to transform the soggy Peat into the solid mineral. • 20 m of compacted vegetation was required to produce 1 m seam of coal.

38. Evolution of Chemical Composition during Coalification • As the time passes, the tectonic plate movements carries the peat to higher depths. • In the process, cellulose is substantially lost and the lignin chemical components are transformed. • Oxygen content of the peat decreases, which increases the carbon content. • Water content also decreases. • The ratio of aromatic carbons (graphite or charcoal-like character) to aliphatic carbons (oil-like carbons) also begins to increase.  • With time Oxygen continues to be lost and aromatic carbon increases even more.

41. Modeling of Coalification Peat to Enriched peat: (mostly due to heating) Enriched peat to lignite: (mostly due to pressure &heating) lignite to Sub-bituminous: (mostly due to pressure &heating) Sub-bituminous to High volatile Bituminous:

42. High Volatile Bituminous to Medium volatile Bituminous: Medium Volatile Bituminous to Low volatile Bituminous: Low Volatile Bituminous to semi Anthracite: Semi Anthracite to Anthracite:

43. Chemical Structure of Coal (Well Ordered)

44. Composition of Coals • The natural constituents of coal can be divided into two groups: • (i) The organic fraction, which can be further subdivided into microscopically identifiable macerals. • (ii) The inorganic fraction, which is commonly identified as ash subsequent to combustion. • The organic fraction can be further subdivided on the basis of its rank or maturity.

45. Coal Ranking : Quantification of Order

46. Analysis of Coal • Proximate Analysis & Ultimate Analysis. • Proximate analysis - to determine the moisture, ash, volatiles matter and fixed carbon • Ultimate or elementary analysis - to determine the elemental composition of the coal • The Energy content -- CFRI Formulae -- • Low Moisture Coal (M < 2% ) -- CV (Kcal/kg) = 71.7 FC + 75.6 (VM-0.1 A) - 60 M • High Moisture Coal(M > 2%) -- CV(kcal.kg) = 85.6 {100 - (1.1A+M)} - 60 M • Where, M, A, FC and VM denote moister, ash , fixed carbon and Volatile mater (all in percent), respectively.

47. Fuel Model

49. Usability Characteristics of Coal • Sulfur Content : Coal with sulfur > 5% is not recommended for combustion. • Weatherability : Weathering or Slacking Index -- An indication of size stability -- Denotes the tendency to break on exposure to alternate wet and dry periods. • Grindability Index : A measure of relative ease of grinding coals or the power required for grinding coals in a pulverizer. • Burning Characteristics of Coal : Free burning coals and Caking Coals -- Caking index -- Pulverulent, sintered, weakly caked, caked and strongly caked. • Ash Fusion temperature -- The temperature where the ash becomes very plastic -- Design of ash handling system. -- Stoker furnace cannot use low ash fusion temperature coals.

50. Theory of Oil Formation • The most popular theory is known as the Organic Theory. • This theory states that oil and gas have biological origins. • Small sea creatures from the days when the earth was mostly covered in water died and settled to the bottom of the ocean floor. • Layer upon layer of silt, sand and clay built up on top of them over time. • Through the process of decay, as well as ever increasing heat and pressure, the former sea creatures were converted to oil and gas. • Over millions of years, continuous pressure actually compressed those layers of silt and clay into layers of rock. • This is known as "reservoir rock". • The temperature under the earth's surface increases the deeper you go underground.