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This study was conducted as part of the Developing Womenu2019s Empowerment Models in the Manufacturing Industry Project. The report aimed to examine in detail the factors influencing women's participation in the workforce and education, the current state of the manufacturing sector, and the barriers against women's participation in the manufacturing industry. The analysis employs a mixed-methods approach, synthesizing findings from various data sources and methodologies to shed light on the underlying issues. The report has not been disclosed by the client. File includes the table of contents.
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Developing Women Empowerment Models in Manufacturing Industry Need Analyses Final Report Policy Analytics Lab – PAL 2 May 2025
Table of Contents 1.Overview ............................................................................................................................ 8 1.1.Need Analysis Study: Method and Approach ............................................................ 8 1.2.Global Manufacturing Trends and Implications for Women in Türkiye ............. 12 2.Background: Industrialization Process of Türkiye and Women in Labor Force ...... 17 2.1.Milestones and Trends in Manufacturing Sector .................................................... 17 2.2.Women's Labor Force Participation ........................................................................ 22 2.3.Women's Employment ............................................................................................... 27 3.Challenges and Main Issues of Women’s Empowerment in Manufacturing Sector . 32 3.1.Socio-Economic Factors and Main Issues ................................................................ 32 3.1.1.Gender Inequality in Domestic Responsibilities and Care Work ............................................ 33 3.1.2.Gender-Based Assigned Roles and Stereotypes ...................................................................... 37 3.1.3.Educational Attainment for Women ....................................................................................... 42 3.1.4.Skill Mismatch and Gender Disparities .................................................................................. 49 3.1.5.Early-Career STEM Talent’s Perception of the Manufacturing .............................................. 53 3.1.6.Women in Informal Employment ........................................................................................... 57 3.1.7.Gender Wage Gap ................................................................................................................... 61 3.1.8.The GenderSegregation in High-Skilled Occupations and Leadership .................................. 68 3.1.9.Summary: Understanding the Inverted Pyramid of Women in the Manufacturing Sector ...... 74 3.2.Manufacturing Industry in Türkiye: Sub-sectors and priority issues .................. 79 3.2.1.Women’s Empowerment Potential in Manufacturing Subsectors ........................................... 79 3.2.2.Current Situation and Priorities in Firms ................................................................................ 94 3.2.3.Understanding Variations Across Firms: Emerging Patterns & Segments ........................... 106 4.Synthesis and Women’s Empowerment Models ......................................................... 110 4.1.Towards a Triple Transformation .......................................................................... 110 4.2. Policy Recommendations .......................................................................................... 113 4.3. Priority Policy Areas and Interventions at the Firm Level ................................... 121 References ...................................................................................................................................... 126 2