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Circulatory systems

This overview explores the evolution and function of circulatory systems in both animals and plants. It examines primitive transport mechanisms like diffusion, the transition to true circulatory systems in eucoelomates, and the characteristics of open and closed systems. Key elements include the role of the heart, types of blood cells, and the cardiovascular network in animals, as well as the development of vascular tissues in plants for efficient nutrient and water transport. Understanding these systems highlights their complexity and importance in supporting life.

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Circulatory systems

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  1. Circulatory systems Biology 2: Form and Function

  2. Circulation • Transport of • Nutrients • Metabolic wastes • Metabolic gases • Various elements of immunological system • Hormonal signals • Heat energy

  3. The evolution of circulation in animals • Primitive animals rely upon diffusion as a mechanism of transport (Porifera, Cnidaria) • Diffusion becomes inefficient over distances of 2–3 cells (limits size of Platyhelminthes) • Development of a pseudocoelom provided primitive circulatory sac with fluid • Eucoelomates (Mollusca onwards) developed true circulatory systems

  4. Open and Closed Circulation • Open systems (Mollusca, Arthropoda) bathe organs in haemolymph. organs held in secondary spaces (sinuses) that may join together to form haemocoel • Closed systems contain circulatory fluid (blood) in a vascular system that feeds individual organs • Both open and closed systems require a pump (heart)

  5. Hearts • Hearts have evolved from two, to three, to four chambered systems • Human heart powers dual circuit (pulmonary and systemic) • EKG reflects complex waveform (systole / diastole)

  6. A trip inside the heart...

  7. The cardiovascular network

  8. Blood contains... • Plasma (dissolved metabolites, wastes, hormones, ions, proteins) • Red blood cells (Erythrocytes = O2/CO2 transport) • White blood cells: • Neutrophils (immune defense) • Eosinophils (parasite defense) • Basophils (inflammatory response) • Monocytes (immune surveillance) • B-Lymphocytes (antibody production) • T-Lymphocytes (cellular immune response) • Platelets (blood clotting)

  9. White blood cells have an important role in our immune system

  10. The EKG cycle

  11. The PQRST complex

  12. Abnormal EKGs

  13. The Lymphatic system • Collects fluids and particles in the interstitial fluid primarily the result of capillary leakages • Filters fluid at Lymph Nodes, removing foreign substances • Foreign substances are subsequently destroyed by white blood cell activity

  14. So what about plants? • With developmental complexity came a need for increased circulatory efficiency (cf. Bryophytes versus gymnoperms) • Development of vascular tissue in ferns and upwards • Presence of vascular tissue, together with development of stronger fibrous support, allowed plants to grow taller and compete for sunlight

  15. Types of transportation • Diffusion (small scale only) • Root pressure • Transpiration • In vascular plants, use of • Xylem (water and minerals) • Phloem (sugars)

  16. Mass Flow (3)

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