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French –Serbian Summer University 17-24 October 2006, VRNJAČKA BANJA , SERBIA SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENT ‘S ANALYSIS. MARIA ZORAN National Institute of Optoelectronics Remote Sensing Department, Bucharest, Romania.
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French –Serbian Summer University 17-24 October 2006, VRNJAČKA BANJA , SERBIASATELLITE REMOTE SENSINGFOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENT ‘S ANALYSIS MARIA ZORAN National Institute of Optoelectronics Remote Sensing Department, Bucharest, Romania
CLEANER ENERGY SYSTEMS, USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY • As the amount of fossil fuel resources on earth decreases, it is becoming increasingly important to find and utilise alternative fuels. • Renewable resources include: _wind power; _ solar power; _ biofuels; _ hydro-electric power (HEP); _ geothermal energy; _ tidal power and _ wave energy. • Part of the reason for their limited use in Romania is their significant cost relative to fossil fuel or nuclear power generation.
CONTRIBUTION OF RENEWABLES TO POWER PRODUCTION IN ROMANIA (~1%) • Small Hydropower: very little in the overall primary energy consumption ( in spite of about 5.000 favorable locations). • Biomass: No for practical purposes although Romania has a very rich soil. • Wind Energy:No. There are some experiments. • Photovoltaic Solar Energy:Few experiments. • Thermal Solar Energy: Some experiments • Geothermal Energy: Notable potential in some areas, but very little used. • Municipal Solid Waste: There is one project under study for the Bucharest municipality.
ROMANIA-country Summary Table (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, U.S. Energy Information Administration)
Electrical Energy Generation In Romania – 2002 (total: 55 187 GWh)
NPP Cernavoda • The Nuclear Power Plant in Cernavodă is the only nuclear power plant in Romania. • It produces between 10% and 12% of the country's electricity. • It uses CANDU reactor technology, using heavy water produced at Drobeta-Turnu Severin as its neutron moderator and water from the Danube for cooling. • The power plant was designed in Canada by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited in the 1980s, during the Communist era. • Cernavoda Unit 1 power plant, using CANDU (pressurized-heavy water, natural-uranium power reactor)technology,having 706.5 MW power, is successfully in operation since 1996 . • Unit 2 of 700 MWwhich is currently under construction will be operational in 2007 . • When Unit Two will be operational, the plant is expected to provide 18% of the country's electrical needs.
during next years will be continued the construction of the Cernavoda NPP-Units 3, 4 and 5 on a step by step base, in compliance with the national strategy for the Romanian nuclear power development ;When completed, the four units combined are expected to provide up to 40% of Romania's total electricity needs, reducing its dependence on fossil fuels for electricity generation. • Thermal discharge from nuclear reactor cooling is dissipated as waste heat in Danube-Black -Sea Canal and Danube River (The Danube-Black Sea Canal is a canal in Romania which runs from Cernavodă on the Danube to Agigea (southern arm) and Năvodari (northern arm) on the Black Sea).
NUCLEAR POWER AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION • The electricity production in NPP Cernavoda is proved as environmentally clean. • A nuclear unit does not produce greenhouse gases, sulphur and nitrogen oxides, dust • and ashes. Cernavoda NPP, replacing the production of thermal units, contributes to • the reduction of CO2 emission with 4 million tonnes per year. • The radiological effect of Cernavoda NPP on environment and population is • insignificant. The radioactive emission to the environment (measured dose in Cernavoda • area, is 5-8 microSv/year, while the dose received from the natural radioactive • background is about 2400 microSv/year). • dry storage for spent fuel; it is a reinforced concrete monolithic vault, with natural convection air cooling where the spent fuel will be stored for about 50 years. • The annual volume of the solid low and intermediate level radioactive waste at • Cernavoda Unit 1 is less than 30 cubic meters ;for the disposal of this type of waste, the strategy is to construct a near-surface final repository, in the plant’s exclusion zone..
Use of Satellite data Into the three stages of the thermal water pollution cycle assessment: • Emission (land cover/use databases) provide information on the localization of the sources; • Transport (for hydrologic transport models- provide snapshots of plumes and can depict the water dispersion patterns in real pathway); • Indicators of the degradation of the health state of natural ecosystems
-The Cernavoda NPP Site is located in Constanta County, latitude 44.3 N and longitudes 28.01 E in the Dobruja Region. -The nuclear facility lies about 2 km southeast of the town of Cernavoda, in the lower Danube region, near the Black Sea. DESCRIPTIONOF INVESTIGATED AREA
DATA USED AND METHODOLOGY Multitemporal and multispectral data set consisting of: Landsat TM 24/07/1998, Landsat ETM 20/08/2002 ; MODIS data of 3/08/2001, 18/03/2002, 16/09/2002 , 12/06/2003, 12/08/2003, 20/09/2003 , 16/03/2004 ; ASTER data 31/05/2003Radiometric measurements as ground truth profiles , with Exotech 100 AX provided with Landsat MSS &TM filters . Topographic maps (1 : 100000 scale )over selected area. PCI’s EASI/PACE, ENVI 4.1 and ILWIS, IDL software . In situ and laboratory measurements data.
PHYSICAL BASE • Excessive exposure to non-radioactive thermal and radioactive pollutants has harmful effects for earth features (air, soil, vegetation, water). • Critical levels are different for different pollutants, including mean concentrations, cumulative exposures. • From spectral point of view atmospheric effects on environmental components are changing the spectral fingerprints of “pure (clean) features”, in spectral libraries. • Causal relations between spectral reflectance/absorption and air/vegetation/soil/water constituents are apparent within the solar spectrum, mainly in VIS and NIR regions but also in microwave domain. • The processing and statistical analysis of these measurements provides an estimation of factors that indicate the magnitude of changes due to water pollution and the future trends of surface water quality.
Sources of emitted and reflected radiation in thermal remote sensing of rivers
Remote Sensing data (satellite , LIDAR)-in conjunction with in situ data (e.g., hydrologic and meteorological measurements) are inputs to local and regional-level numerical models of water-land-atmosphere interactions;-input to numerical models that relate spatio-temporal land cover change with surface energy flux to assess the impact on the climatology and the environment quality in NPP Cernavoda area and surroundings;-are used to calibrate the models and as baseline data for extending the models to predict future trends of land cover changes and their effects on the local and regional environment.
DATA ANALYSIS • RGB display, linear and non-linear combinations of channels, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Relative Channel Analysis, HIS (Intensity-Hue-Saturation) transforms . • Landsat TM bands 1, 2, 3 , 4 (0.452 - 0.518 µm; 0.528- 0.609 µm; 0.626 - 0.693 µm; 0.76-0.90 µm) –for vegetation state analysis • Landsat Thermal band TM6 –for analysis of reactor cooling water dynamics . • Spectral mixture analysis and unsupervised classification using Maximum Likelihood algorithm assisted by an unsupervised clustering procedure applied on the available Landsat TM , ETM, SPOT , MODIS and SAR ERS-1 images.
Surface Water temperature map for Cernavoda area Landsat ETM 20/08/2002
Surface Water temperature distribution map in a nearby area on Cernavoda NPP (MODIS 20/09/2003)
RESULTS • Hydrologic dynamic processes assessment of cooling canals , Danube River ; • Spatial and spectral analysis; • Thermal plume effect and pattern- energy exchange assessment within hydrologic network of NPP Cernavoda; • Qualitative and quantitative change information derived in the form of change maps and accurate statistics for environmental impact and risk assessment;
CONCLUSIONS • Surface water temperature distributions captured in thermal IR imagery are correlated with meteorological parameters. • Additional information regarding flooding events and earthquake risks is considered . • During the winter , the thermal plume is localized to an area within a few km of the power plant, and the temperature difference between the plume and non-plume areas is about 1.5 oC. • During the summer and fall , there is a larger thermal plume extending 5-6 km far along Danube Black Sea Canal, and the temperature change is about 1.0 oC. • Variation of SST in the thermal plume is analyzed:
The strong seasonal difference in the thermal plume is related to vertical mixing of the water column in winter and to stratification in summer. • Hydrodynamic simulation lead to better understanding of the mechanisms by which waste heat from NPP Cernavoda is dissipated in the environment. • Assessment of surface water thermal plume in the vicinity of NPP Cernavoda quality requires a large number of inputs provided by in- situ”measurements , satellite remote sensing data. • Risk factors or quality indices can be extracted from remote sensing satellite data. • Information from multi-spectral & spatial resolution & temporal satellite data/features must be fused and inserted in GIS/LIS management system . • Future developments must consider new sensors data and modeling improvements.
Integrated surface water quality management requires simultaneously information on environmental quality data; impact pathway models; economic analyses; the respective regulatory framework; the priorities of the stakeholders involved in the decision-making process or affected by it. Information is needed for a comprehensive and functional framework decision support tools. In the case of thermal and radioactive pollution control and abatement this information includes data : on the causes of pollution; on transport processes in the environment; on the effects of pollution on the affected ecosystem and human health. REQUIREMENTS FOR INFORMATION
Other Requirements • dynamic character of the data used as input to the evaluation of the actual state of surface water pollution; • validated detailed spatial distribution of pollution during its generation and transport; • timeliness in providing the necessary input to the decision-makers; • accuracy in the amplitude and spatial-temporal profile of water pollution and its effects on humans and the Danube Black Sea Canal and Danube River ecosystem; • objectivity in the assessment of the sources, distribution and impacts of pollution (especially when environmental treaties and relevant legislation at the national or Community level are implemented); • A sustainable energy system in order to minimise the environmental impact of energy production and use. • This requires cleaner energy sources and the reduction of the adverse effects of fossil fuels.
