Urbanization & Land Use Ecology & Design E.G. Arias et al October 12, 2004

1. Urbanization & Land Use Ecology & Design E.G. Arias et al October 12, 2004

2. Today’s Agenda • Announcements • Test 1 • Next Lecture – Energy & Sustainability, Dr. Dave Schaller, EPA • Conclude Primer • Urbanization and Land Use Planning

3. Population Growth, Cities & Urban Growth

4. Cities, Population & World Trends: The Less Developed and Developing Nations POPULATION GROWTH • Exponential growth rate over the past 200 years Up to 1800 - 1B Up to 1900 - 1.7B Up to 2000 - 6+B  0.7B increase 1800-1900 4.3B increase 1900-2000 URBANIZATION  CONCENTRATION IN CITIES • Approximately half of the 6B people lived in cities in 2000 • Projections indicate that 49.3% of the total world population will live in urban centers of all Developing countries by 2015

5. Cities, Population & World Trends: The Less Developed and Developing Nations URBANIZATION RATES • 1900 - less than .3B • 2000 - around 3B (UNCHS, 2001b) URBANIZATION RATES ARE UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED • Industrialized nations: decline to from 1.1%  0.6% between 1995 and 2015, • Least Developed nations: as much as 4.6% annual urbanization rates projected to 2015

6. Cities, Population & World Trends:The Less Developed and Developing Nations (continued) GLOBALIZATION : A new trend evolving from the economic sector Inevitable outcomes • social exclusion - increase the “probability of land speculation, and therefore, of increased land prices” (UNCHS, 2001a). • Human development - such trend, without institutional interventions, most likely will increase difficulties for the urban poor in less developed and developing nations • Protect and repair the environment - is precisely in these countries were squatter communities are now home from 30 to 60 percent of their urban populations

7. Evolution of Views about Planning in the World • Planning in the Third World - 1950’s • 1st and 2nd worlds • 3rd world - everything else 75% of the human race • UN HABITAT - 2000 • Developed • Developing • Less Developed • Future challenges – Poverty and … • Housing is the major concern • Food • Transportation • Water • Energy • Environment - Air • Education

8. Urban FormClassical Theories of urban form (at city level) • Concentric Growth Theory (E. Burgess, 1925): tries to explain the patterns of sociological phenomena in Chicago, and how a city with a main CBD expands through rings of residential growth in all directions from it; • Multi-sector Theory (H. Hoyt, 1939): extended the concentric theory and explains how similar types of land use are developed along transportation axes; • Multiple nuclei Theory (Harris and Ullman, 1945): growth takes place around different urban centers (historic or contemporary) approximating a constellation pattern of development.

9. Physical Systems Socials Systems Population Economics Political Cultural Natural Created In situ reality-Settings Processes Results Renewable Non Renewable Recoverable Activities Planning / Design scales National Regional Local Site

10. Location analysis decision Prototypes Many Activities Attribute /Characteristic One Activity Attribute/characteristic Many Activities Attribute /Characteristic A A B C D A B C D 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 Various locations Reality Various locations Same Location

11. Understanding Urbanization DynamicsLocal  Global Linkages Local/regional National Global Scales New activity/service locates Re-location Re-location at national scale On-going processes Growth Stability Decline • Social • Political • Economic • Cultural Drop out

12. Land Use • Level I • Urban / Agriculture / Rangeland / Forested uplands / Water / Wetlands / Barren • Level II - Urban • Residential / Commercial & Services / Industrial / Transportation / Communications & Utilities / Institutional / Recreational / Mixed Use / Open land & Other • Level III - Residential • Single unit, low density (<2 DUs) / SU med. density (2-5) / SU high density (< 6) • Multiple dwelling, low rise (2 stories), high rise (3 stories or more) designated by user • Source: J. DeChiarra/L. Koppelman, Urban Planning & Design Criteria

13. Census – Population Data

14. Understanding Urbanization Dynamics in Developing and Developed Contexts: Integration of Remote Sensing and In Situ Information for Growth Management START Workshop Module on Cities & Sustainability E.G. Arias, R. Pujol and A. Sanchez • Satellite Remote sensing data1,2,3 • (time – series) 2. GIS Ground Information 3. Events and Policy Actions Institutional reform; Economic globalization and localization; Changes in public policy; Development strategy shifting; Tourism diversification; Agricultural subsidization; CREATED SYSTEMS Physical Non - physical Natural System (eg. ) Rivers and water basin; Open space; Forested area & vegetation; Geological conditions; Rainfall; Meteorological conditions; Hydrological; Land use Residential Industrial Commercial Transportation Infrastructure Systems Environmental Air Climate Demographic Socio/ Economic Political Legal Administrative 1970 1980 1990 Relationship 1 Relationship 2 Relationship 3

15. DENVER METROPOLITAN & REGIONAL URBAN GROWTH & LAND USE AND URBANIZATION IN BOULDER COUNTY

16. GIVENS PROBABILITIES LOCATION ALTERNATIVES 1 A1 2 A1 A1 3 1-2 yrs Economic Social 3-6 yrs Political 7 or more yrs A1 A2 The Susceptibility to Change (STC) Recycling the City : Identifying the Development Suitability CRITICAL COALITION (interest groups) Group Locational Alternatives Locational Suitability for Redevelopment: The Recycled City A1 A2

17. Destinations Industry Recreation Education NOTION OF MOVEMENT: OBECTIVES & CONCEQUENCES Spatial fragmentation Environmental integrity SHORTEST DISTANCE Origins Origins IncreaseDistance and Decrease Time DECREASE TIME growth management Social fragmentation The origins and destinations relationship is regulated by land-use instruments (zoning or growth management) which limit the type, density and location of urban activities and land use; or by the carrying capacity of systems that sustains such activities.

18. LEVELS OF KNOLEDGE MODEL FOR UNDERSTANDING TRANSPORT EMISSIONS AND ENERGY USE IN CITIES WHOLE CITY URBAN PLANNING CITY REGIONAL ZONES OF CITY (TRANSPORT PLANNING) VEHICLE TO VEHICLE (TRAFFIC ENGINEERING) VEHICLE WITHIN VEHICLE (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) Kenworthy, J.R. and Newman, P.W.G. (1989)

19. ECONOMICS of TRANSPORTATION Public transportation • +/- 39% of operating cost of public transportation is paid by fares • 60% of cost is paid by Governments Private (Car) • Paid mostly by owners (purchase, fuel, maintenance, insurance, parking etc.) Public roads and highways are paid by a variety of taxes Charges on licenses, registration, gas taxes, Highway Trust Fund Funding for Federal highways construction Source: Contemporary Urban Planning J. Levy (2003).

20. Emerging insights in D&P, Land Use and Urbanization • Sustainability  Equitable & Sustainable • Unlimited resources Finite Resources • Continuous growth & change  notions of evolution • Participatory design • Useful & Usable Technologies

21. Looking Ahead: A Design/Planning Thought The futureis not out there to be discovered, it needs to be designed and implementedby us … by you!!!