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Language and Communication

Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication. Linguistic diversity. 5000 – 6000. Distribution of languages. Vast territory of China – Standard Mandarin ( 885 million speakers) cf . New Guinea – a population of 5 million people speak over 1000 languages

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Language and Communication

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  1. Language and Communication

  2. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication

  3. Linguistic diversity 5000 – 6000

  4. Distribution of languages Vast territory of China – Standard Mandarin (885 million speakers) cf. New Guinea – a population of 5 million peoplespeak over 1000 languages Dagestan – 2,5 million people speak over 30 languages

  5. How many languages are spoken in Russia? • 160 ethnic groups • over 100 languages

  6. “Big” Languages • Chinese 1.3 миллиард • English 350-400million • Spanish 250-400million • Hindi 200-500million • Arabic 180-400 million • Bengali 230 million • Portuguese 210 million • Russian 145-180 million • Japanese 130 million • German105 млн.

  7. Languages die • From 1490to 1990 almost half of the world languages died • In the 21st centuryan estimated 90% of the languages will die

  8. Reasons: • Persecution of native speakers (Native Americans) • Diseases, alcohol, drugs • Adopting a more prestigious language

  9. “Killer languages”and“liberator languages”

  10. Sounds • Russian - 8 vowels • Abhasian – two vowels: а, ы • Danish – 26 vowels • Russian – 35 consonants • Abkhazian – 58 consonants • Hawaiian – 6 (8) consonants: p, k, l, m, n

  11. Unusual sounds • Khoi-khoin tribe (South Africa) резкие щелчки языком и «целующие» звуки

  12. Unusual sounds • Bird Village in Turkey whistle (telegraph of kinds) Lovers can tenderly whistle to each other at a distance of 5 miles

  13. Musical languages • Tone: Chinese (up to 6 – 10 tones) • Malagasy language (pronounced Mala-gass), Madagascar • Vietnamese

  14. Words • Chukchi language : мыткеплувицветыркын – we are playing ball (= мячеиграем)

  15. Words • Индейский язык науатль: Вы, уважаемые, могли бы разбить носы до крови, но обошлось.

  16. Words • Welsh: a 57-letter word – place name: «церковь Св. Марии в долине Белого ореха подле бурного водоворота и церкви Св. Цецилии»

  17. Words • A Native American name of a lake in Massachusetts : Chargoggagoggmanchauggauggagoggchaubunagunggamaugg - You fish on that side, I’ll fish on this side, and no one will fish in the middle.

  18. Terms • name of an acid - 207 thousand letters

  19. Grammar forms • Tabasaran language in the South of Dagestan – 46 cases (падежей) • In Swahili (Africa) – 14 genders: a man and a woman are the same gender, but long and tall trees, round and solid objects, small objects, etc. have different genders.

  20. Syntax • Word order коровы едят траву (English, Finnish, Chinese, Swahili) коровы траву едят (Hindi, Turkish, Japanese, Korean) едят коровы траву (Arabic, Welsh) едят траву коровы (Malagasy language, цоциль в Центр. Америке) траву коровы едят (кабардинский) и т. д.

  21. Different suffixes expressing modality: • В индейском языке туюка 7 таких суффиксов: он играл в футбол Диига апеви (скажет очевидец) Диига апейи (скажет тот, кто видел игрока в испачканной форме и догадался) Диига апейгы (скажет тот, кто не видел, а прочитал в газете) и т. д.

  22. Politeness • Tibetan (speaking to a cat)

  23. With every new language a person acquires a new world

  24. Role of language in cognition

  25. "Genuine Irish Linen Handkerchiefs — 2 for $3." vs."Noserags — 2 for 25c"

  26. Cattle words • Salmon words(нуучахнальт, Канада) горбуша кета старый лосось лосось, плавающий в чистой воде плывущий лосось, у которого спинной плавник торчит над водой лосось перед нерестом, зарывающийся в дно лосось, выпрыгивающий из воды лосось, плывущий вверх по течению и т. д. (но всего одно слово для обозначения коровы)

  27. Family words(ndbele, Africa) • u-baba – my father • u-yihlo – your father • u-yise – his father • u-mama – my mother • u-nyoko – your mother • u-nina – his mother

  28. my father = my father • my big father = my (older) uncle • my little father = my (younger) uncle • same with mother

  29. Слова, обозначающие виды походки в языке шона (Африка) • идти, шлепая по грязи • идти со звуком ломающихся веток • идти долгое время босиком • идти с палкой • идти со сгорбленной спиной • ходить беспокойно взад-вперед • идти, тряся торсом или ягодицами • идти, покачивая бедрами • прохаживаться, оголив толстое тело • и т. д.

  30. Красные чернила • The experience of the first settlers in America • Пододеяльник • Venick • Thermometer

  31. Time • Grammar tenses • new/old • counting time • age • etc

  32. Time • Number of suffixes: в индейском языке кикшт было 7 разных суффиксов для выражения более или менее давних событий.

  33. Conceptualization and categorization of reality

  34. палец, мизинец vs.thumb, finger, toe; • рука vs. hand, arm; • нога vs. leg, foot; • колени vs. knees, lap; • платок, косынка, шарф, пионерский галстук, кашне vs. scarf; индиец, индеец vs. Indian; • и т. д.

  35. "There she lies, the great melting pot..." (Israel Zangwill) — ср. рус. плавильный котел."On the Volga there is a beautiful flower, and her name is Volgograd"

  36. measures • colors • голубой/синий/blue

  37. Образы животных • fox • snake • rabbit • bear

  38. «Стрекоза и муравей» • Лафонтен: une sauterelle - кузнечик (a light-minded female) • Попрыгунья-стрекоза? • Shuh-Shuhga

  39. Дракон Дракон женится на драконе (достойные люди выбирают себе подобных). • кит. символ силы и благополучия:

  40. Сорока • кит. вестница радости, издающая приятные звуки: Сорока поет – счастье придет.

  41. Кукушка • кит. символ возвращения весны

  42. Conclusions • 1) Different cultures > differences in worldviews (not correct or incorrect, but different) • 2) To achieve intercultural understanding, it is necessary to match worldviews.

  43. MUTUAL STEREOTYPESRussians about Americans: : • Americans are: • friendly, • hospitable; • materialistic; • optimistic; • businesslike; • self-righteous (like to teach others how to live); • ambitious; • independent; • hard-working; • energetic; • patriotic.

  44. MUTUAL STEREOTYPESRussians about Americans: • Americans look: • fat, • smiling but insincere; • happy; • cheerful; • independent; • neat; • funny; • prosperous; • comfortable; • healthy; • the same.

  45. MUTUAL STEREOTYPESRussians about Americans: • Americans like: • Coca-Cola; • junk food; • their country; • popcorn; • chewing gum; • hot dogs; • work; • money; • their family; • sports; • entertainment; • their President; • psychoanalysts.

  46. MUTUAL STEREOTYPESRussians about Americans: • Americans always: • say «Hi» and smile; • interfere with others; • wear T-shirts; • think they are right; • plan their future; • consider their own interests; • speak a lot; • shout; • boast; • ask silly questions; • work hard; • care for their rights and privacy.

  47. Americans never: cheat; cry; do harm to their health; dream; think; beg; forgive; complain; waste time or money; disclose their real feelings; think about others; keep promises; depend on a person entirely; eat soup; eat much bread; get out of their cars; walk; wash dishes after meals; drink too much; understand or like Russians. MUTUAL STEREOTYPESRussians about Americans:

  48. MUTUAL STEREOTYPES Americans about Russians: • Russians are: • educated, • cultural, • intellectual; • poor; • family-oriented; • passionate; • deeply religious; • oppressed; • proud; • warm; • hospitable; • hard-working.

  49. Russians look: serious; sad; ferocious, fierce, threatening, hungry, unhappy; big, even the women; tired; unsatisfied; intimidated, very pale, cold, determined; stern; strict, intense, suspicious. MUTUAL STEREOTYPES Americans about Russians:

  50. Russians like: vodka; greasy food; books; American culture; friends; music; their religion; dancing, art; drama; history; war; cold weather; entertainment; family; instant gratification. MUTUAL STEREOTYPES Americans about Russians:

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