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Klaus Jungmann RAL, January 2005 Fundamental Interactions

Klaus Jungmann RAL, January 2005 Fundamental Interactions. Fundamental Symmetries and Interactions. Beta Beam Workshop Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,17-18 of January, 2005. Forces and Symmetries Fundamental Fermions Discrete Symmetries Properties of Known Basic Interactions

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Klaus Jungmann RAL, January 2005 Fundamental Interactions

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  1. Klaus Jungmann RAL, January 2005 Fundamental Interactions

  2. Fundamental Symmetries and Interactions Beta Beam WorkshopRutherford Appleton Laboratory,17-18 of January, 2005 • Forces and Symmetries • Fundamental Fermions • Discrete Symmetries • Properties of Known Basic Interactions •  only touching a few examples Klaus Jungmann, Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut,Groningen

  3. of NuPECC working group 2003 Recommendations Physics Topics • Theoretical Support • Positions at Universities • Experimentalists and Theorists • High Power Proton Driver • Several MW • Target Research • Cold and Ultracold Neutrons • Low Energy Radioactive Beams • Improved Trapping Facilities • Underground Facilities Adequate Environment Human resources Facilities • The Nature of Neutrinos • Oscillations/ Masses/ 0n2b-decay • T and CP Violation • edm’s, D (R) coeff. in b-decays, D0 • Rare and Forbidden Decays • 0n2b-decay, n-nbar, M-Mbar, meg, • m 3e, m N N e • Correlations in b-decay • non V-A in b-decay • Unitarity of CKM-Matrix • n-, p-b, (superallowed b), K-decays • Parity Nonconservation in Atoms • Cs, Fr, Ra, Ba+, Ra+ • CPT Conservation • n, e, p, m • Precision Studies within The Standard Model • Constants, QCD,QED, Nuclear Structure

  4. Relating to a MW Proton Machine Recommendations Physics Topics • Theoretical Support • Positions at Universities • Experimentalists and Theorists • High Power Proton Driver • Several MW • Target Research • Cold and Ultracold Neutrons • Low Energy Radioactive Beams • Improved Trapping Facilities • Underground Facilities Adequate Environment Human resources Facilities • The Nature of Neutrinos • Oscillations/ Masses/ 0n2b-decay • T and CP Violation • edm’s, D (R) coeff. in b-decays, D0 • Rare and Forbidden Decays • 0n2b-decay, n-nbar, M-Mbar, meg, • m 3e, m N N e • Correlations in b-decay • non V-A in b-decay • Unitarity of CKM-Matrix • n-, p-b, (superallowed b), K-decays • Parity Nonconservation in Atoms • Cs, Fr, Ra, Ba+, Ra+ • CPT Conservation • n, e, p,m • Precision Studies within The Standard Model • Constants, QCD,QED, Nuclear Structure

  5. Standard Model • 3 Fundamental Forces • ElectromagneticWeak Strong • 12 Fundamental Fermions • Quarks, Leptons • 13 Gauge Bosons • g,W+, W-, Z0, H, 8 Gluons ? What are we concerned with ? fundamental := “ forming a foundation or basis a principle, law etc. serving as a basis” • However • many open questions • Why 3 generations ? • Why some 30 Parameters? • Why CP violation ? • Why us? • ….. • Gravitynot included • No Combind Theory of • Gravity and Quantum Mechanics

  6. Fundamental Fermions • Neutrinos • Neutrino Oscillations • Neutrino Masses • Quarks • Unitarity of CKM Matrix • Rare decays • Baryon Number • Lepton Number/Lepton Flavour • New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon b-Decay

  7. Superkamiokande SNO Neutrino-Experiments • Recent observations could be explained by oscillations of massive neutrinos. • Many Remaining Problems • really oscillations ? • sensitive to Dm2 • Masses of Neutrino • Nature of Neutrino • Dirac • Majorana •  Neutrinoless Double b-Decay • Direct Mass Measurements • are indicated  Spectrometer • Long Baseline Experiments • b-beams • new neutrino detectors ?

  8. Directional sensitivity • for low energies ? • Air shower ? • Salt Domes ? from R. de Meijer & A. v.d. Berg Neutrino-Experiments Are there new detection schemes ? • Water Cherenkov • Scintillators • Liquid Argon • . . . Only for Non- Accelerator Neutrinos ? 13?

  9. CUORICINO Neutrinoless Double b-Decay (A,Z)  (A,Z+2) + 2e- 1/T 1/2 = G0n (E0,Z) | MGT + (gV/gA)2 ·MF|2<mn>2 • confirmation of Heidelberg-Moscow • needed • independent experiment(s) with different • technologies required • need nuclear matrix elements

  10. Direct n mass Measurements: Towards KATRIN Present Limit : m(ne) < 2.2 eV (95% C.L.) KATRIN sensitivity : some 10 times better

  11. Fundamental Fermions • Neutrinos • Neutrino Oscillations • Neutrino Masses • Quarks • Unitarity of CKM Matrix • Rare decays • Baryon Number • Lepton Number/Lepton Flavour • New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon b-Decay

  12. CKM Matrix couples weak and mass quark eigenstaes: Often found: 0.221(6) 0.9739(5) Nuclear b-decays D = 0.0032 (14) ? Unitarity: -D • Neutron decay • = 0.0083(28) • = 0.0043(27) -D Unitarity of Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix If you pick your favourite Vus !

  13. Vus Unitarity of Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix A. Czarnecki W. Marciano, A. Sirlin, Hep-ph/0406324

  14. Experimental Possibilities 0.9737(39) 0.9729(12) Nuclear b-decays D = 0.0032 (14) ? • Neutron decay • = 0.0083(28) • = 0.0043(27) Unitarity of Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix

  15. Fundamental Fermions • Neutrinos • Neutrino Oscillations • Neutrino Masses • Quarks • Unitarity of CKM Matrix • Rare decays • Baryon Number • Lepton Number/Lepton Flavour • New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon b-Decay

  16. nm ne e.g. through: m e W g A.A. Godzev et al., Phys.Lett B338, 212 (1994) Do Neutrino Oscillations Imply Charged Lepton Number Violations within Standard Theory ?  no real chance yet BUT Higher values predicted in Speculative Models

  17. qeg = 180° e+ +g Ee= Eg=52.8MeV The MEG experiment at PSIaims for m  e g Easy signal selection with +at rest • Detector outline • Stopped beam of >107 /sec in a 150 mm target • Liquid Xenon calorimeter for  detection (scintillation) • fast:4 / 22 / 45 ns • high LY: ~ 0.8 * NaI • short X0:2.77 cm • Solenoid spectrometer & drift chambers fore+ momentum • Scintillation counters for e+ timing

  18. Straw Tracker Muon Stopping Target Muon Beam Stop Superconducting Transport Solenoid (2.5 T – 2.1 T) Crystal Calorimeter Superconducting Production Solenoid (5.0 T – 2.5 T) Superconducting Detector Solenoid (2.0 T – 1.0 T) Muon Production Target Collimators : 4 x 1013 incident p/sec 1 x 1011 stopping µ/sec Proton Beam Heat & Radiation Shield - Ne- N Future plans MECO detector (>2010 ?)

  19. Muon Physics Possibilities at Any High Power Proton Driver i.e.  4 MW < < < <

  20. Fundamental Fermions • Neutrinos • Neutrino Oscillations • Neutrino Masses • Quarks • Unitarity of CKM Matrix • Rare decays • Baryon Number • Lepton Number/Lepton Flavour • New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon b-Decay

  21. Vector [Tensor] Scalar [Axial vector] b+ ne b+ ne New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon b-Decay In Standard Model: Weak Interaction is V-A In general b-decay could be also S , P, T • nuclear b-decays, Experiments in Traps • muon decays, Michel parameters

  22. Traps for weak interaction physics : 1. Atom traps : - TRIUMF-ISAC, 38mK, -correlation (J. Behr et al.) A. Gorelov et al., Hyperfine Interactions 127 (2000) 373 - LBNL & UC Berkeley, 21Na, -correlation (S.J. Freedman et al.) N. Scielzo, Ph. D. Thesis (2003) - LANL Los Alamos, 82Rb, -asymmetry (D. Vieira et al.) S.G. Crane et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 2967 - KVI-Groningen, Na, Ne, Mg, D-coefficient (K. Jungmann et al.) Ra, EDM experiment G.P. Berg et al., NIM B204 (2003) 526 2. Ion traps : - LPC-Caen, 6He, -correlation (O. Naviliat-Cuncic et al.) G. Ban et al., NIM A518 (2004) 712 - WITCH, Leuven-ISOLDE, 35Ar, -correlation (N. Severijns et al.) D. Beck et al., Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res., A 503 (2003) 567 - CPT-trap Argonne, 14O, -correlation (G. Savard et al.) G. Savard et al., Nucl. Phys. A654 (1999) 961c - ISOLTRAP-CERN, mass for 0+  0+ decays (K. Blaum et al.) from N. Severijns

  23. 4 3 1 2 TRIUMF LPC CAEN Some TRAPS for Weak Interaction Studies

  24. Vector [Tensor] Scalar [Axial vector] b+ ne b+ ne New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon b-Decay In Standard Model: Weak Interaction is V-A 21Na Berkeley: Scielzo,Freedman, Fujikawa, Vetter PRL 93, 102501-1 (3 Sep 2004) a exp = 0.5243(91) a theor = 0.558(6) In general b-decay could be also S , P, T ?? 38mK TRIUMF A. Gorelov et al. nucl-ex/0412032(14 Dec 2004) a exp = 0.9978(30)(37) a theor = 1 • nuclear b-decays, Experiments in Traps • muon decays, Michel parameters

  25. TRImP Magnetic separator D Q Q D Wedge Q Q Q D Q D Production target Q Q Ion catcher (gas-cell or thermal ioniser) AGOR cyclotron RFQ cooler/buncher MOT Low energy beam line Combined Fragment and Recoil Separator MOT

  26. TRIP Separator commissioning 21Na Na Energy (a.u.) 20Ne Energy (arb. units) 0 10 20 30 40 50 F Ne O 0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (arb. units) 0 10 20 30 40 Time (arb. units) Time (a.u.) Detector 1 Dispersive plane QD DD QD T1 AGOR beam B = p/q  v A/Z TOF  A/Z E  A2 Yield of 21Na at the focal plane: 5.3 MHz/kW Now achieved: > 99% 21Na

  27. Muon Decay: Michel Parameters TRIUMF Weak Interaction Symmetry Test: “TWIST” http://twist.triumf.ca/~e614/experiment.html tracking of e+ from polarized muon decay goal: detemine r, d, Pmx with a relative precision at the 10-4 level prelim. results expected in 2004 from O. Naviliat-Cuncic

  28. Discrete Symmetries • Parity • Parity Nonconservation in Atoms • Nuclear Anapole Moments • Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering • Time Reversal and CP-Violation • Electric Dipole Moments • R and D Coefficients in b-Decay • CPT Invariance

  29. P C T matter anti-matter time   time mirror image from H.W. Wilschut The World according to Escher identical to start start anti-particle particle e+ e-

  30. Discrete Symmetries • Parity • Parity Nonconservation in Atoms • Nuclear Anapole Moments • Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering • Time Reversal and CP-Violation • Electric Dipole Moments • R and D Coefficients in b-Decay • CPT Invariance

  31. Permanent Electric Dipole Moments Violate Discrete Fundmental Symmetries EDM violates: • Parity • Timereversal • CP- conservation (if CPT conservation assumed) Standardd Model values are tiny, hence: An observedEDM would be Sign of New Physics beyond Standard Theory

  32. molecules: 1.610-27 • • 199Hg Radium potential Start TRIP de (SM) < 10-37 Some EDM Experiments compared New 2004 from muon g-2: d (muon) < 2.810-19 after E.Hinds

  33. EDMs – Where do they come from ?(are they just “painted“ to particles? Why different experiments? ) • electron intrinsic ? • quark intrinsic ? • muon second generation different ? • neutron/ proton from quark EDM ? property of strong interactions ? new interactions ? • deuteron basic nuclear forces CP violating? pion exchange ? • 6Li many body nuclear mechanism ? • heavy nuclei (e.g. Ra, Fr) enhancement by CP-odd nuclear forces, nuclear “shape“ • atoms can have large enhancement, sensitive to electron or nucleus EDMs • molecules large enhancement factors , sensitive to electron EDM • . . .

  34. Origin ofEDMs from C.P.. Liu

  35. Generic EDM Experiment Preparation of “pure“ J state Interaction with E - field Analysis of state hcontains all physics – “e cm” values by themselves not very helpful • mx= eħ/2mx Determination of Ensemble Spin average Polarization Spin Rotation Electric Dipole Moment: d = x c-1 J Spin precession : e dJ hJ Example:d=10-24 e cm, E=100 kV/cm, J=1/2 e 15.2 mHz

  36. TRImP Radium Permanent Electric Dipole Moment • Benefits of Radium • near degeneracy of 3P1 and 3D2 • ~40 000 enhancement • some nuclei strongly deformed •  nuclear enhancement • 50~1000 6 3D : electron spins parallel  electron EDM 1S : electron Spins anti-parallel  atomic / nuclear EDM • Ra also interesting for weak interaction effects • Anapole moment, weak charge • Dzuba el al., PRA, 062509 (2000)

  37. How does a ring edm experiment work ? • Exploit huge motional electric fields for relativistic particles in high magnetic fields • stop g-2 precession • observe spin rotation • Concept works • also for (certain) • Nuclei: d, 6Li, 213Fr, . . N+ N+ N+ One needs for a successful experiment: • polarized, fast beam • magnetic storage ring • polarimeter For muons exploit decay asymmetry • One could use -decay • In general: any sensitive polarimeter works N+

  38. Nucleus Spin J /N Reduced Anomaly a T 1/2 13957La 7/2 +2.789 -0.0305 12351Sb 7/2 2.550 -0.1215 13755Cs 7/2 +2.8413 0.0119 30y 22387Fr 3/2 +1.17 <0.02 22 min 63Li 1 +0.8220 -0.1779 21H 1 +0.8574 -0.1426 7532Ge 1/2 +0.510 +0.195 82.8 m Need Schiff moment calculations: Particularly in region of octupole deformed nuclei 15769Tm 1/2 +0.476 0.083 3.6 m Some Candidate Nuclei for EDM in Ring Searches

  39. Why a deuteron edm experiment “ “ Deuteron: Neutron: C.P. Liu and R.G.E Timmermans, nucl-th/0408060, PRC accepted (2004)

  40. Discrete Symmetries • Parity • Parity Nonconservation in Atoms • Nuclear Anapole Moments • Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering • Time Reversal and CP-Violation • Electric Dipole Moments • R and D Coefficients in b-Decay • CPT Invariance

  41. TimeReversalViolationin -decay: Correlation measurements • R andDtestboth Time Reversal Violation • D most potential • R scalar and tensor (EDM, a) • technique D measurements yield a, A, b, B

  42. Discrete Symmetries • Parity • Parity Nonconservation in Atoms • Nuclear Anapole Moments • Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering • Time Reversal and CP-Violation • Electric Dipole Moments • R and D Coefficients in b-Decay • CPT Invariance

  43. Lepton Magnetic Anomalies in CPT and Lorentz Non - Invariant Models | | - m m - 0 0 18 CPT tests K K = £ r 10 K m 0 K - - | g g | | a a | - + - + - - 3 12 e e e e = = × × £ × r 1.2 10 2 10 e g a avg avg ? ? Are they comparable - Which one is appropriate • often quoted: • K0- K0 mass difference (10-18) • e- - e+ g- factors (2* 10-12) • We need an interaction • with a finite strength! Use common ground, e.g. energies Þ generic CPT and Lorentz violating DIRAC equation 1 n μ μ μ μν μ μ ν ψ - - - - + + = (i γ D m a γ b γ γ H σ ic γ D id γ γ D ) 0 μ μ μ 5 μν μν μν 5 2 º ¶ - iD i qA m μ μ a , b break CPT a , b , c , d , H break Lorentz Invariance μ μ μ μ μν μν μν Leptons in External Magnetic Field - + l l l = - » - Δω ω ω 4b a a a 3 - + l l - | E E | Δω h spin up spin down a = » r l - 2 l m c E l spin up 57 Bluhm , Kostelecky, Russell, Phys. Rev. D ,3932 (1998) For g - 2 Experiments : - | a a | ω h = × c - + l l r l 2 a m c avg l Dehmelt, Mittleman,Van Dyck, Schwinberg, hep - ph/9906262 Þ - - 21 24 £ × £ × r 1.2 10 r 3.5 10 electron muon μ e : : CPT– Violation Lorentz Invariance Violation • What is best CPT test ? • New Ansatz (Kostelecky) • K0  10-18 GeV/c2 • n  10-30 GeV/c2 • p  10-24 GeV/c2 • e 10-27 GeV/c2 • m 10-23GeV/c2 • Future: • Anti hydrogen 10-22 GeV/c2

  44. CPT and Lorentz Invariance from Muon Experiments Muonium: new interaction below 2* 10-23 GeV Muon g-2: new interaction below 4* 10-22 GeV (CERN) 15 times better expected from BNL when analysis will be completed V.W. Hughes et al., Phys.Rev. Lett. 87, 111804 (2001)

  45. Properties of Known Basic Interactions • Electromagnetism and Fundamental Constants • QED, Lamb Shift • Muonium and Muon g-2 • Muonic Hydrogen and Proton Radius • Exotic Atoms • Does aQED vary with time? • QCD • Strong Interaction Shift • Scattering Lengths • Gravity • Hints of strings/Membranes?

  46. Muon g-2 “Proton Radius” Muonic Hydrogen Lamb Shift Strong Interaction Shift Pionic Hydrogen Properties of known Basic Interactions • Search for New Physics • What are the hardronic corrections? • e++e- hadrons • e++e- g + hadrons • New activities planned • statistics limited experiment • J-PARC, BNL, ... • Fundamental constants needed • Muonium

  47. Muon g-2 Newest Theory Offer: 2.5 s from Experiment Why a Muon EDM or g-2 Experiment ? • The muon magnetic anomaly amand the muon electric dipole moment dm are real and imaginary part of one single complex quantity. • dm = 3*10-22 *(amNP / 3*10-9) * tan fCP e cm a New Physics related muon magnetic anomaly would be related to an EDM through a CP violating phase fCP. • Particular models(L/R symmetry) predict nonlinear mass scaling for lepton EDMs. For muon 5*10-23 e cm possible.

  48. Properties of Known Basic Interactions • Electromagnetism and Fundamental Constants • QED, Lamb Shift • Muonium and Muon g-2 • Muonic Hydrogen and Proton Radius • Exotic Atoms • Does aQED vary with time? • QCD • Strong Interaction Shift • Scattering Lengths • Gravity • Hints of strings/Membranes?

  49. Standing Waves of Ultra Cold Neutrons in a gravitational field

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