INSOLATION, ENERGY & CLIMATES

1. INSOLATION, ENERGY & CLIMATES PART 1 – INSOLATION AND EARTH’S SURFACE PART 2 – CLIMATES AND WATER

2. INSOLATION • INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION • THE SUN RADIATES ENERGY AND EARTH RERADIATES IT AS INFRARED HEAT ENERGY • EARTH IS HEATED UNEQUALLY

3. FACTORS THAT AFFECT INSOLATION • ANGLE • INTENSITY • DURATION • AND THESE FACTORS ARE AFFECTED BY LATITUDE AND SEASONS

4. ANGLE OF INSOLATION • THE ANGLE OFTHE SUN’S RAYS • AT 0° THE SUN WOULD BE AT THE HORIZON AND AT 90° IT WOULD BE DIRECTLY OVERHEAD • INTENSITY INCREASES AS THE ANGLE INCREASES • DIRECT RAYS (90°) ARE VERTICAL AND ONLY OCCUR IN TROPICS

5. ANGLE AND INTENSITY • AFFECTED BY TIME OF DAY, LATITUDE AND SEASONS! • AT SUNRISE AND SUNSET THE ANGLE AND INTENSITY IS LOW • AT SOLAR NOON THE ANGLE AND INTENSITY IS HIGH

6. INTENSITY OF RADIATION • THE RATE OF SOLAR ENERGY • THE EARTH’S SPHERICAL SHAPE AFFECTS INTENSITY • THE SUN IS MORE INTENSE NEAR THE EQUATOR AND LESS INTENSE IN POLAR REGIONS

7. DURATION OF INSOLATION • THE NUMBER OF DAYLIGHT HOURS • DETERMINED BY THE SUN’S PATH ACROSS THE SKY • A LONGER PATH RESULTS IN MORE DAYLIGHT AND GREATER INTENSITY BECAUSE THE SUN IS HIGHER IN THE SKY

8. DURATION ALSO VARIES WITH LATITUDE • THE EQUATOR HAS 12 HOURS OF DAYLIGHT EVERY DAY! • IN NORTHERN LATITUDES • LONGEST DAY IS JUNE 21- SUMMER SOLSTICE • SHORTEST DAY IS DECEMBER 21 – WINTER SOLSTICE

9. ANGLE, INTENSITY AND DURATION VARIES WITH SEASONS AND LATITUDE • CYCLIC CHANGES • SEASONS CREATED BY: • 23½° TILT OF EARTH’S AXIS • EARTH REVOLVING AROUND SUN

10. SUN’S PATH CHANGES THROUGH THE SEASONS • SUNRISE , SUNSET AND SUN’S PATH CHANGES SEASONALLY • DUE EAST/WEST ON EQUINOX • SE DURING WINTER • NE DURING SUMMER • LONG PATH IN SUMMER • SHORT PATH IN WINTER

11. INSOLATION VARIES WITH SEASONS • SHORTER PATH AND LOWER IN THE SKY DURING WINTER • LONGER PATH AND HIGHER IN THE SKY DURING SUMMER • SPRING AND FALL ARE IN BETWEEN!

12. THE ALTITUDE OF THE NOON SUN CHANGES IN NORTHERN NEW YORK • WINTER SOLSTICE (23.5°) • SPRING EQUINOX (47°) • SUMMERSOLSTICE(70.5°) • FALL EQUINOX (47°)

13. ANGLE, INTENSITY AND DURATION AFFECTS TEMPERATURE . . .OF COURSE! • REGIONS THAT HAVE MORE INTENSE OR DIRECT RAYS ARE HOTTER • GREATER DURATION ALSO RESULTS IN MORE ENERGY!

14. EARTH’S ENERGY AND RADIATIVE BALANCE • TEMPERATURE REMAINS THE SAME WHEN ENERGY GAINED = ENERGY LOST • TEMPERATURE RISES IF INCOMING RADIATION EXCEEDS OUTGOING • TEMPERATURE FALLS IF OUTGOING EXCEEDS INCOMING

15. MAXIMUM RADIATIVE ENERGY • DAILY - SOLAR NOON • ANNUALLY – SUMMER SOLSTICE • HOTTEST TIME OF THE DAY IS AFTER NOON • HOTTEST TIME OF THE YEAR IS LATE SUMMER, AFTER THE SOLSTICE

16. WHAT ROLE DOES THE ATMOSPHERE PLAY IN THIS HEATING AND COOLING? • FOUR LAYERS • DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES, THICKNESS AND AIR PRESSURE

17. ATMOSPHERE ABSORBS AND REFLECTS SOLAR RADIATION • SCATTERING • REFLECTING • ABSORPTION MAJOR CONCERNS: • INCOMING ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION • OUTGOING INFRARED RADIATION

18. OZONE AND ULTRAVIOLET SOLAR RADIATION • OZONE LAYER IN STRATOSPHERE ABOSRBS ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION • OZONE LAYER HOLES ALLOW MORE HARMUFUL RADIATION TO REACH EARTH

19. INFRARED RADIATION • OUTGOING TERRESTRIAL RADIATION • RERADIATED FROM EARTH AS HEAT • LONGER WAVELENGTH • ABSORBED BY WATER VAPOR AND CARBON DIOXIDE

20. GREENHOUSE EFFECT • NATURAL PROCESS THAT WARMS ATMOSPHERE • MAKES EARTH HABITABLE • INCREASING AMOUNTS OF CO2 AMPLIFIESTHE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

21. GLOBAL COOLING AND WARMING INVOLVES NATURAL PROCESSES • ICE AGE WAS ONLY 5°-10° C COOLER • CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE ARE GREENHOUSE GASES THAT ACCELERATE THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT ... GLOBAL WARMING!

22. INSOLATION INTENSITY DURATION SOLAR NOON LATITUDE SEASONAL VARIATIONS DIRECT RAYS IN TROPICS ENERGY BUDGET RADIATIVE BALANCE ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS TROPOSPHERE ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION INFRARED HEAT TERRESTRIAL RADIATION GREENHOUSE EFFECT GLOBAL WARMING TERMS AND CONCEPTS TO REVIEW

23. PART 2: CLIMATES AND WATER THE SHORT STORY!

24. WHAT’S CLIMATE? • OVERALL WEATHER CONDITIONS • FOR A SPECIFIC AREA • OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME

25. SIGNIFICANT CLIMATE CONDITIONS • TEMPERATURE • ALWAYS COLD OR ALWAYS HOT • FLUCUATING, SEASONAL CHANGES • YEARLY AVERAGE AND MONTHLY RANGE • MOISTURE • ALWAYS DRY OR ALWAYS WET • FLUCUATING, SEASONAL CHANGES

26. FACTORS THAT DETERMINE CLIMATE • LATITUDE • PLANETARY WIND & PRESSURE BELTS • LARGE BODIES OF WATER • OCEAN CURRENTS • MOUNTAIN RANGES

27. MOISTURE CONDITIONS • ARID = DRY • HUMID = WET • DESERTS= EXTREME MOISTURE DEFICIT • NOT ALWAYS HOT…THERE ARE DESERT CONDITIONS IN COLD PLACES!

28. HOW VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECT CLIMATE • OCEAN CURRENTS • TRANSFER ENERGY AND MOISTURE • LATITUDE • ANGLE AND INTENSITY OF THE SUN • WIND AND PRESSURE BELTS AROUND THE GLOBE

29. AFFECT OF CLIMATE FACTORS • LARGE BODIES OF WATER MODERATE TEMPERATURES • WATER HAS A HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT! • TAKES LONGER TO HEAT AND LONGER TO COOL • COOLER SUMMERS • WARMER WINTERS • SMALLER RANGE OF TEMPERATURES THAN INLAND AREAS

30. LAND MASSES • HEAT AND COOL FASTER THAN WATER • LOWER SPECIFIC HEAT • PRODUCE CONVECTION CURRENTS

31. OROGRAPHIC EFFECT • MOUNTAINS CAUSE AIR TO RISE AND COOL • CREATES CLOUDS AND PRECIPTIATION • WINDWARD SIDE – COOLER MORE HUMID • LEEWARD SIDE – WARMER DRYER

32. CLIMATE AND THE WATER CYCLE • CLIMATE AFFECTS THE AMOUNT OF MOISTURE IN A SPECIFIC REGION • MONTH BY MONTH, YEAR TO YEAR • EACH REGION HAS A “WATER BUDGET” SIMILAR TO AN ENERGY BUDGET • RELATES TO STREAM DISCHARGE • USED TO PLAN FOR FLOOD CONTROL • HELPS FARMERS WITH PLANTING DECISIONS

33. WATER BUDGET TERMS • PRECIPITATION (P) - “INCOME” • RAIN/SNOW • STORAGE(St)- WATER STORED IN SOIL • DEFICIT (D) - IF DEMAND EXCEEDS PRECIPITATION AND STORAGE • SURPLUS (S) – IF SOIL IS FILLED TO CAPACITY

34. WATER BUDGET TERMS • POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION(Ep) • RELATED TO SEASONS AND TEMPERATURE • ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION(Ea) • AMOUNT OF WATER VAPOR RETURNED TO THE ATMOSPHERE

35. IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS • CLIMATE • TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE • ARID • HUMID • WATER BUDGET • FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE • LATITUDE • OCEAN CURRENTS • BODIES OF WATER • LAND MASSES • ELEVATION • OROGRAPHIC EFFECT • WINDWARD • LEEWARD