Fruit and Nut Varieties

1. Fruit and Nut Varieties HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

2. Fruit and Nut Cultivars • Cultivar Choice • Pome Fruits • Apples, pears, quince • Nut Crops • Almonds, walnuts, pistachios, filberts, pecans • Stone Fruit • Peach, nectarine, plum, apricot, cherries • Small Fruit • Grapes, blueberries, cranberries, strawberries HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

3. Adaptation Climate Disease resistance Yield Tree characteristics Management ease Growth habit Pollination requirements Fruit qualities Ripening time Processing vs. fresh Local vs. distant markets Size Appearance - color, shape Internal qualities Flavor, texture Handling ease Storage How do you choose the right cultivar/variety? HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

4. Apples Malus x domestica Cultivated species Pears European, Common, Occidental Pyrus communis Asian, Apple, Oriental Pyrus pyrifolia Hybrids communis x pyrifolia Pome or Pip Fruits HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

5. Cold hardy High chill Late blooming Higher humidity and disease problems Apple scab Powdery mildew Fire blight Cool climates Better red color Cooler nights, more elongate shape Less russeting Less fruit drop Better yields WA 2000 bu/ac NE 500-1500 bu/ac Apples are best adapted to COOL Climates HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

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7. 40% production 250 strains Fresh and processed Stores well (6 mo.) Red Delicious HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

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11. 15% of production Yellow w/ Red Delicious shape Fresh and processed Stores well (6 mo.) Very productive Golden Delicious HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

12. McIntosh (5% in East) Earlier ripening (130 vs 150) Stores well (4-5 mo.) Other McIntosh types: Empire Idared Spur types Other Apple Cultivars HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

13. Granny Smith (7%) Green, tart 180 days to mature Other Apple Cultivars HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

14. Rome Beauty (7%), Jonathon, Idared, Empire Gala, Fuji, Pink Lady ... Low chill varieties Other Apple Cultivars Fuji Rome Gala HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

15. Northeast - 25% Around Great Lakes 140-160 day season McIntosh, Red Delicious Central Atlantic - 10% In mountains 165 days but warmer Red/Golden Delicious, York West - 60% Best yields Cool, dry, no frosts Red/Golden Delicious Commercial Apple Production10% of world production 40-50% used for processing HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

16. World production of apples • 41 million metric tons/yr (mid-1980s): • USSR • China • US • The leading apple-producing countries in Europe are: • France • Germany • Italy HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

17. Challenges faced Too hot for good color development High humidity leads to disease Chilling problems in south: low chill types Calcareous soil and cotton root rot Competition Can they be grown? Yes but risky W and NW San Antonio NE Texas Apple Production in Texas HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

18. European or Common 95% USA, 80% world Persistent calyx, melting flesh Pyriform Asian or Oriental 80% China/Japan 20% world Crisp, juicy, and sweet Globose to pyriform Hybrid types Fireblight resistance Quality and Picking European pears Best if pick hard mature, cold stored, and ripened at RT Asian pears Best if picked ripe Classes of Pears - Pyruscommunis and pyrifolia HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

19. Compared to apple Less hardy Lower chilling European, 900 to 1000 Asian, 600 to 800 Earlier bloom More heat tolerant Tolerates poorer soil Fireblight major limitation in humid regions P P P P P Adaptability of Pears HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

20. Bartlett (Williams, 1770) 75% USA production 125 days to ripen Very productive Stores 70-85 days Fresh and processed Parthenocarpic in Northern California Trends: red sports European Pear Cultivars95% USA, 80% World production HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

21. Bosc 4% USA production 160 days to ripen Stores 100 days Russetted fruit Fresh and canning Comice Anjou 16% USA production 155 days to ripen Moderate production Stores 180 days Fresh use European Pear Cultivars: Winter Pears HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

22. *20th Century or Nijisseiki Round Yellow-green skin White flesh Ripens with Bartlett Store for 4 months Susceptible to fireblight Asian Pear Cultivars20% world production HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

23. Asian Pears HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

24. Adapted to Texas and other humid production areas Kieffer Hardy, MR to fireblight Productive Stores 90-120 days Ripens 6 weeks after Bartlett Processing only Hybrid Pear Cultivars2% of USA production HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

25. Other cultivars Maxine, Moonglow Ayers, Orient, Garber Flordahome (low chill) Hybrid Pear Cultivars2% of USA production HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

26. Quince (Cydonia oblonga) HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

27. Quince • Originated in western Asia • Still cultivated there as well as the Mediterranean area and southern Europe • When cooked the juice and pulp have a pink color. • The fruit size varies according to the variety, but averages are 0.5-1.5 lb. HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

28. Quince • Reported to grow in all the 48 lower states, it grows into a small tree, usually less than 25 feet and can be trained to a spreading form. • Self-fertile so only one variety is needed for fruiting. • There are many named varieties. • It is highly susceptible to fire blight and quince rust. HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

29. Any Questions? HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production