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Vaccinations in children

Vaccinations in children. Vaccinations in children - types of immunity. Naturally acquired immunity Active - after infection Passive - antybodies transported through placenta Artificially acquired immunity Active - vaccinations Passive - antybodies ie. anty HBs.

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Vaccinations in children

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  1. Vaccinationsinchildren

  2. Vaccinationsinchildren- types of immunity Naturallyacquiredimmunity Active- afterinfection Passive- antybodiestransportedthrough placenta Artificiallyacquiredimmunity Active- vaccinations Passive- antybodies ie. anty HBs

  3. Vaccinationsinchildren- types of immunity Differencesbetweenactive and passiveimmunity Activeimmunity requiresmore time long acting safer cheaper

  4. Vaccinationsinchildren- definitions Vaccine-preparation containing life or killed or antigen deprived of pathogenicity to induce specific immunity( cell, humoral) against vaccine antigen.

  5. Vaccinationsinchildren- classification of vaccines Classificationaccording to type of antigen Live atenuated Bacterial- BCG Viral- mumps, measles, rubella(MMR),polio vaccine OPV Killed Bacterial -pertussis Viral- polio vaccine IPV Componentvaccines Bacterial- Hibvaccine, Viral- hepatitis B vaccine Toxoidvaccines- diphtheria and tetanus vaccines ( DTP)

  6. Vaccinationsinchildren- classificaion Classificationaccording to theircomposition Monovalent(hepatitis B vaccine) Polyvalent ( MMR, DTP, infanrixhexa,penta) Antigenincludedinpolyvalentvaccinehasbettereffectthan a single vaccinealone

  7. Vaccinationsinchildren Differencesbetween live and killedvaccines Live vaccines Produceimmunityfaster Immunityafter one dose Immunitylastslonger More dangerous- especiallyinimmunocompromisedpatients

  8. Vaccinations in children The immunization schedule in Poland covers the following diseases Tuberculosis Hepatitis B Diphteria Tetanus Pertussis Polio Hepatitis Measles Mumps, Rubella Haemophilus influenze infection

  9. recomended • Rotavirus- Rotarix • Pneumococcal -Prevenar • Minigitis-Neisvic • Human Papillomavirus HPV -Cervix • Chicenpox-Voricela zoster • Flu-

  10. Mandatoryvaccinationsinchildren

  11. Vaccinationsinchildren- characteristics of individualvaccines TUBERCULOSIS VACCINATION only1 dose, in first 24 hours of life( no revaccination) live vaccine- brasilianstrain of Mycobacteriumbovinum-relativelylowimmunogenity intradermalinjection , 1/3 upperexternal part of an arm properadministrationveryimportant to avoidlocalcomplications no tuberculin test to checkefficacy of vaccination

  12. cayden.files.wordpress.com

  13. Vaccinationsinchildren- characteristics of individualvaccines TUBERCULOSIS VACCINATION Specific complications local: Ulceration larger than10 mm in a place of injection , Dermal abscess larger than 10 mm Regional Involvment of regional – axillar lymphnodes larger than10 mm), general: General infection (BCGitis) : sepsis, ostitis, pulmonary tuberculosis,

  14. Hepatitis B • Hepatitis B is a serious infection that affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus. • Acute (short-term) illness. This can lead to: • • loss of appetite • • diarrhea and vomiting • • tiredness • • jaundice (yellow skin or eyes) • • pain in muscles, joints, and stomach • Acute illness, with symptoms, is more common among adults. Children who become infected usually do not have symptoms.

  15. Hepatitis B • Chronic (long-term) infection. Some people go on to develop chronic hepatitis B infection. Most of them do not have symptoms, but the infection is still very serious, and can lead to: • • liver damage (cirrhosis) • • liver cancer • • death

  16. Hep B • Hepatitis B virus is easily spread through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. A baby whose mother is infected can be infected at birth; Children, adolescents, and adults can become infected by: • contact with blood and body fluids • through breaks in the skin such as bites, cuts, or sores; • contact with objects that have blood or body fluids • having unprotected sex with an infected person; • sharing needles when injecting drugs; • being stuck with a used needle.

  17. Hepatitis B • • Babies normally get 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine: • 1st Dose: Birth • 2nd Dose: 1-2 months of age • 3rd Dose: 6-18 months of age • Some babies might get 4 doses, for example, if a combination vaccine containing hepatitis B is used. The extra dose is not harmful.

  18. Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis • Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis are serious diseases caused by bacteria. Diphtheria and pertussis are spread from person to person. • Tetanus enters the body through cuts or wounds.

  19. DTP DIPHTHERIA causes a thick covering in the back of the throat. • It can lead to breathing problems, paralysis, heart failure, • Because of widespread and routine childhood DPT immunizations, diphtheria is now rare in many parts of the world.

  20. DTP TETANUS (Lockjaw) causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. • It can lead to “locking” of the jaw so the victim cannot open his mouth or swallow.

  21. DTP • PERTUSSIS (Whooping Cough) highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Bordetella pertussis,causes dry coughing spells so bad that it is hard for infants to eat, drink, or breathe. These spells can last for weeks. • It can lead to pneumonia,

  22. DTP • Children should get 5 doses of DTaP vaccine, one dose at each of the following ages: • 2 months • 4 months • 6 months • 15-18 months • 4-6 years

  23. polio • Polio is a disease caused by a virus. It enters the body through the mouth. it may causes paralysis, and meningitis . It can kill people who get it, usually by paralyzing the muscles that help them breathe.

  24. polio

  25. polio • Children get 4 doses of IPV, at these ages: A dose at 2 months A dose at 4 months A dose at 6-18 months A booster dose at 4-6 years-OPV

  26. Hib • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) usually strikes children under 5 years old. • Your child can get Hib disease by being around • other children or adults who may have the bacteria • and not know it. The germs spread from person to • person. If the germs stay in the child’s nose and • throat, the child probably will not get sick. But • sometimes the germs spread into the lungs or the • bloodstream, and then Hib can cause serious • problems.

  27. Hib • Hib disease can cause: • pneumonia • Laryngitis epiglotic, • infections of the blood, joints, bones, and covering of the heart

  28. Hib • Children should get Hib vaccine at: • 2 months of age • 6 months of age • 4 months of age • 12-15 months of age

  29. MMR • Measles, also known as morbilli, is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus, specifically a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. • The classical symptoms of measles include four-day fevers and the three Cs—cough, coryza (head cold) and conjunctivitis (red eyes). The fever may reach up to 40 °C (104 °F). Koplik's spots seen inside the mouth are pathognomonic (diagnostic) for measles, but are not often seen, even in real cases of measles, because they are transient and may disappear within a day of arising.

  30. measles • The characteristic measles rash is classically described as a generalized, maculopapular, erythematous rash that begins several days after the fever starts. It starts on the head before spreading to cover most of the body, often causing itching. The rash is said to "stain", changing color from red to dark brown, before disappearing. The measles rash appears two to four days after initial symptoms, and lasts for up to eight days.

  31. Measles

  32. mumps • Mumps virus causes fever, headache, and swollen glands. • It can lead to deafness, meningitis, painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries,

  33. MMR

  34. Mumps

  35. Rubella • Rubella, commonly known as German measles, is a disease caused by the rubella virus • rash on the face which spreads to the trunk and limbs and usually fades after three day • slow grade fever, • swollen glands (sub occipital & posterior cervical lymphadenopathy), • joint pains • headache • conjunctivitis.

  36. Rubella

  37. Rubella • Infection of the mother by Rubella virus during pregnancy can be serious; if the mother is infected within the first 20 weeks of pregnancy, the child may be born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS)

  38. MMR • Children should get 2 doses of MMR vaccine: • The first at 12-15 months of age • and the second at 4-6 years of age. • These are the recommended ages. But children can get • the second dose at any age, as long as it is at least 28 • days after the first dose.

  39. Rota • Rotavirus is a virus that causes diarrhea (sometimes severe), mostly in babies and young children. • It is often accompanied by vomiting and fever, and can lead to dehydration.

  40. Rota • Rotavirus vaccine is an oral (swallowed) vaccine, The doses are recommended at these ages: • First Dose: 2 months of age • Second Dose: 4 months of age • Third Dose: 6 months of age • The first dose may be given as early as 6 weeks of • age, and should be given by age 14 weeks 6 days. • The last dose should be given by 8 months of age. • Rotavirus vaccine may be given at the same time • as other childhood vaccines.

  41. Prevenar • Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria can causes blood infections, pneumonia, and meningitis, mostly in young children. Children younger than 2 years of age are at higher risk for serious disease than older children. • Pneumococcal bacteria are spread from person to person through close contact.

  42. . • There are more than 90 types of pneumococcal bacteria. • The new pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) • protects against 13 of them. These bacteria types are • responsible for most severe pneumococcal infections • among children. PCV13 replaces a previous conjugate • vaccine (PCV7), which protected against 7 pneumococcal • types and has been in use since 2000. During that • time severe pneumococcal disease dropped by nearly • 80% among children under 5.

  43. PCV • PCV13 may also prevent some cases of pneumonia and • some ear infections. But pneumonia and ear infections • have many causes, and PCV13 only works against the • types of pneumococcal bacteria targeted by the vaccine. • In addition to receiving PCV13, older children with • certain chronic illnesses may get a different vaccine • called PPSV23.(Pneumo 23)

  44. PCV • Infants and Children Under 2 Years of Age • PCV13 is recommended as a series of 4 doses, one dose at each of these ages • 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, • and 12 through 15 months • Children who have begun their immunization series with PCV7 should complete the series with PCV13.

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