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Comprehensive Guide to IC Wiring and Debugging on Breadboards

This guide covers essential practices for wiring integrated circuits (ICs) on breadboards. Learn about proper wire orientation, power connections, and debugging techniques to ensure circuit reliability. Key topics include how to run wires, the significance of color-coding, common wiring and design errors, as well as operating characteristics of ICs. Understand the importance of maintaining IC integrity and avoiding damage during setup. This resource is perfect for both beginners and experienced creators looking to enhance their electronic projects.

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Comprehensive Guide to IC Wiring and Debugging on Breadboards

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  1. Background • Logic Breadboard • 一字起子 or U-shaped clip • IC pin numbering: 14 ...... 8 > 1 ...... 7 • DIP: Dual In-line Package • All ICs should be inserted with the same orientation to facilitate wiring and debugging

  2. Wiring • Run all wires around ICs, not over them • Easy debug and easy replace. • Try not to cover up too many unused holes with your wires • Keep wires close to the surface of the breadboard, and make them as short as possible subject to the preceding constraints. • RED: +5 volts; BLACK: Ground; YELLOW: +12 volts; WHITE: Negative voltage; VIOLET: Control; ORANGE: Data bus; BROWN: Address bus

  3. Wiring Procedure • Wire the power. • Wire unused inputs: +5V through a 1K current-limiting resistor or ground. • Wire all regular buses. • Wire all control lines. • Check wiring of each IC sequentially. • Double-check all power connections before applying power

  4. Damage • The one sure way to permanently damage an IC is to reverse power and ground. • Most of the time you will NOT damage an IC by shorting one of its outputs. • The totem-pole outputs can be shorted together or to ground without damage. • However, when an output trying to maintain a LOW level is shorted to the 5V supply there is usually damage.

  5. Debugging • A small circuit will sometimes work properly the first time it is turned on • All other circuits require DEBUGGING • Use an ohmmeter to perform a continuity check. • After checking for SMOKE when the circuit is first powered, it is necessary to start debugging at a lower level • Two types of errors: wiring errors and design errors. • To work backwards in the circuit from some point that has a predictable behavior

  6. Errors • The most common wiring errors are omitted and misplaced wires. • The most common design errors involve the disposition of unused inputs. • The next most common design errors involve the 1s and 0s catching behavior of master/slave J-K flip-flops.

  7. Outputs • Open-collector outputs and wired logic • Three-state outputs

  8. Operating Characteristics • VCC: Supply voltage • (4.75V, 5V, 5.25V) • VIH: high level input voltage • > 2V • VIL: low level input voltage • < 0.8V • VOH: high level output voltage • (2.5V, 3.4V, ) • VOL: low level output voltage • ( , 0.35V, 0.5V)

  9. Operating Characteristics • IOH: high level output current • > -400 uA • IOL: low level output current • < 8 mA • IIH: high level input current • < 20 uA • IIL: low level input current • > -0.4 mA • ICC: supply current • ( , 6mA, 10 mA)

  10. Propagation Delay • tpd: propagation delay • tPLH: low-to-high-level output • tPHL: high-to-low-level output • tPHZ: disable time from high level • tPLZ: disable time from low level • tPZH: enable time from high level • tPZL: enable time from low level

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