Bubble of Protection Complete System Protection

1. Bubble of ProtectionComplete System Protection ITW Linx A Division of Illinois Tool Works Inc.

2. Overview • Why Use Surge Protection? • Types of Surges • Technologies • Standards • The “Bubble of Protection” • Bonding and Grounding • Example

3. Why Use Surge Protection? • Safety • Protect people from electric shock • Protect equipment from damage • Protect building wiring from excessive electrical current

4. Why Use Surge Protection? • Safety • National Electric Code • National Fire Protection Association • Telecom equipment under Article 800 • Primary Protection at Building Entrance • Secondary protection

5. Why Use Surge Protection? • Safety • National Electric Code • Savings • Blown Equipment • Service Calls • Downtime • Initial Investment with Net Savings

6. Why Use Surge Protection? • Safety • National Electric Code • Savings • Damaged Equipments Equals….Headaches • Lost Equipment • Service Repairs • System/Business Downtime • Dissatisfied Customers • Finger Pointing (Installer, Manufacturer, etc.)

7. Why Use Surge Protection? • Safety • National Electric Code • Savings • Damaged Equipments Equals….Headaches • Who’s Concerned? • Telephone and Power Companies • Facility, Operations, and Telecom Managers • Architects, Installers, Contractors, Technicians • Everyone!

8. Types of Surges • Lightning • Most catastrophic of all surges • Does not have to be a direct hit to cause damage • A lightning strike within a few miles can be induced into aerial or buried cables • 10,000,000 Volts • 145,000 Amps (145kA)

9. Global Lightning Flashes 2000

10. Lightning in the U.S. 1989-1998

11. Types of Surges • Lightning • Power Line Cross • Excess current on the Communications line • High Risk of Fire • Injury to personnel • Damage to equipment

12. Types of Surges • Lightning • Power Line Crosses • Induction • Current flow creates a magnetic field • Two conductors run parallel and close to one another • Field of one conductor can transfer energy to the other conductor • Example: Power is first restored following a blackout Field Current

13. Types of Surges • Lightning • Power Line Crosses • Induction • Electrostatic Discharge • Transfer of electrical energy from one material to another • Usually found in dry climates • Produces high voltage with low current • Feel sensation at 4kv • Maximum Voltage = 30kV • Enough energy to damage integrated circuits (~35V)

14. Shock Thresholds

15. Technologies • Voltage Limiting • Gas Tube • Discharge gap between two metal electrodes • Poor control of peak voltage • Clamping voltages are too high • Discharge times are too slow • Deposits build on the discharge plates with each activating surge • OK for electromagnetic switches, but not for today’s electronics

16. Technologies • Voltage Limiting • Gas Tube • Solid State • Provides fast, precise, and long lasting protection • Premium alternative to gas tube protectors • Fast clamping at low voltages • Performance can significantly reduce failure rates for both protector units and surge sensitive equipment • Improved reliability makes it ideal for critical service lines

17. Speed of a Surge

18. Speed of a Surge

19. Technologies • Voltage Limiting • Gas Tube • Solid State • Current Limiting • Sneak Current Protector Fuses • Prevents the current that passes by the primary protector undetected from burning down building

20. Technologies • Voltage Limiting • Gas Tube • Solid State • Current Limiting • Sneak Current Protector Fuses • PTC’s • Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) • Automatically reset once the over current is removed • Service calls/costs are dramatically reduced • Cost of replacement fuses eliminated

21. Standards • National Electric Code (NEC) • National Fire Protection Agency for Safety • Article 800 - Telecommunications • All conductive paths entering or leaving a building shall be protected by a listed primary protector as soon as possible, but no more than 50 feet past the building entrance

22. Standards • National Electric Code (NEC) • Underwriters Laboratory (UL) • Products listed • Do not start on fire or cause a fire to be started, and • Do not cause a physical safety hazard to the use

23. Standards • National Electric Code (NEC) • Underwriters Laboratory (UL) • UL497 - Primary • Designed to protect against Lightning and Power Crosses • 100 Amp, 10/1000 • 600V, 350A • Three Exceptions • Large metropolitan area • Less than 140ft • <5 Thunderstorm days per year

24. Standards • National Electric Code (NEC) • Underwriters Laboratory (UL) • UL497 – Primary • UL497A – Secondary • Installed in series between the primary protector and the equipment • Must safely limit over currents

25. Standards • National Electric Code (NEC) • Underwriters Laboratory (UL) • UL497 – Primary • UL497A – Secondary • UL497B – Isolated Loop (Fire Alarm or Data Circuit) • For lines that are contained within a building and not connected to the public network outside the building • These devices protect against transients usually caused by electrostatic discharge and electrical shock • NOT INTENDED FOR LIGHTNING PROTECTION

26. Standards • National Electric Code (NEC) • Underwriters Laboratory (UL) • UL497 - Primary • UL497A – Secondary • UL497B – Isolated Loop (Fire Alarm or Data Circuit) • UL1449 – Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor • AC Power listing at 330V • For electrical safety, NOT equipment safety

27. Risk Assessment • Where is the facility (Lightning potential)? • What is the Power Quality? • Outside Extensions? • What is the Ground Quality? • How Critical is the System? • What Will It Cost to Replace the System?

28. Secondary Secondary CO LINES CAMPUS BUILDING MAIN BUILDING Typical Install PBX Primary Protection Telco Demarcation Secondary Primary Primary

29. “Bubble of Protection” • Backwards Approach • Three potential conductive paths • 1) AC Power • 2) Communications Lines (Telecom) • 3) Ground System

30. C.O. P R I M A R Y Bubble of Protection

31. Final Layout

32. Bonding & Grounding • Grounding: Establish 0V Reference • Bonding: Maintaining 0V Reference • Two Point Resistance < 0.1Ω • Direct attachment to the closest point in the building’s electrical service grounding electrode system is preferred • 90% of problems are due to improper grounding • Good grounds • Structural Steel • Electrical Service Panel

33. Bonding & Grounding • Ground Impedance < 1Ω • Tightness of Connections (Check Annually) • Length (Short as Possible) • Number of Bends (Straight as Possible) • Bend Radius (Generous) • Size/Gauge

34. Bonding & Grounding • Ground Impedance (Earth Gnd) < 1.0 ohms • Single Point Ground • Racks • Cable Trays • Raised Floor • Conduits • Structural Steel • Equipment • Cold Water Pipe • AC Panel

35. Bonding & Grounding • Ground Impedance (Earth Gnd) < 1.0 ohms • Single Point Ground • Protect or Ground Unused Pairs

36. Bonding & Grounding • Ground Impedance (Earth Gnd) < 1.0 ohms • Single Point Ground • Protect or Ground Unused Pairs • Use proper gauge wire (AWG) • Receptacle ground for small systems • TMGB for large systems

37. Ground Size Primary Secondary • Not specified by UL or NEC • Check Manufacturer’s Specifications • Depends on size of system and current carry capacity

38. Example – Airport Installation The damaged phone switch

39. Example – Airport Installation A Good Single Point Ground But…

40. Example – Airport Installation In Another Room, the Ground Wire… IT’S NOT CONNECTED TO ANYTHING!

41. Don’t let this happen to your system

42. Questions? Contact ITW Linx 800-336-5493 www.itwlinx.com