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Chapter 9 Memory Organization

Chapter 9 Memory Organization. Chapter Outline. Hierarchical Memory Systems Cache Memory Virtual Memory Pentium/Windows Memory System. Memory Hierarchy. Associative Memory. Data Register. Associative Memory. Data Register Mask Register. Associative Memory. Data Register Mask Register

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Chapter 9 Memory Organization

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  1. Chapter 9Memory Organization

  2. Chapter Outline • Hierarchical Memory Systems • Cache Memory • Virtual Memory • Pentium/Windows Memory System

  3. Memory Hierarchy

  4. Associative Memory • Data Register

  5. Associative Memory • Data Register • Mask Register

  6. Associative Memory • Data Register • Mask Register • Match Register

  7. Associative Memory

  8. Associative Cache

  9. Data Lines/Blocks • Multiple consecutive words form a line

  10. Data Lines/Blocks • Multiple consecutive words form a line • All data in a line is moved together

  11. Data Lines/Blocks • Multiple consecutive words form a line • All data in a line is moved together • Takes advantage of locality of reference

  12. Associative Cache with a Line Size of 4 Bytes

  13. Direct Mapped Cache

  14. Direct Mapped Cache with a Line Size of 4 Bytes

  15. Drawbacks of Direct Mapped Cache 0000 0000 0000 0000: JUMP 1000H 0001 0000 0000 0000: JUMP 0000H

  16. Set-Associative Cache

  17. Set-Associative Cache with a Line Size of 4 Bytes

  18. Data Replacement Policies • FIFO

  19. Data Replacement Policies • FIFO • LRU

  20. Data Replacement Policies • FIFO • LRU • Random

  21. Example

  22. Example

  23. Example

  24. Example

  25. Writing Data to Cache • Write back • Write through • Write allocate • Write no-allocate

  26. Cache Performance • Hits and misses

  27. Cache Performance • Hits and misses • Hit ratio

  28. Cache Performance • Hits and misses • Hit ratio • Average memory access time

  29. Cache Activity - Associative Cache

  30. Cache Activity - Associative Cache

  31. Cache Activity - Direct Mapped Cache

  32. Cache Activity - Direct Mapped Cache

  33. Cache Activity - 2-Way Set-Associative Cache

  34. Cache Activity - 2-Way Set-Associative Cache

  35. 2-Way Set-Associative Cache with a Line Size of 2

  36. 2-Way Set-Associative Cache with a Line Size of 2

  37. Virtual Memory • Memory Management Unit (MMU)

  38. Virtual Memory • Memory Management Unit (MMU) • Swap disk/file

  39. Virtual Memory • Memory Management Unit (MMU) • Swap disk/file • Logical address

  40. Virtual Memory • Memory Management Unit (MMU) • Swap disk/file • Logical address • Physical address

  41. Paging - Pages and Frames

  42. MMU Configuration

  43. Page Table

  44. Address Conversion

  45. Translation Lookaside Buffer

  46. Example

  47. Example

  48. Segmentation

  49. Fragmentation • Internal fragmentation

  50. Fragmentation • Internal fragmentation • External fragmentation

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