Pair Azimuthal Correlations in a Two-Source “Jet/Flow” Model

1. Pair Azimuthal Correlations in a Two-Source “Jet/Flow” Model PaulStankus Oak Ridge National Laboratory

2. Correlation Functions: Full and Reduced The six-differential per-event yield for two types of particles, A and B, is the container of all information on (A,B) pair production in an event sample. The Full Correlation Function measures the degree to which A and B production are correlated (ie not independent) at any point in six-dimensional (PA,PB) phase space. A Reduced Correlation Function measures the correlation between A and B production in some 6-D phase space volume G, which is often parameterized; here the parameter(s) is(are) generically named a.

3. Residual Multiplicity Correlations When the event sample can be divided into sub-samples such that A and B production are uncorrelated within a sub-sample, then A and B are said to show only a residual correlation. The simplest example in heavy-ion collisions would be residual multiplicity correlations. Suppose A and B production are, at all points in phase space, proportional to Npart, the number of participants in a Glauber model: In the example of Npart scaling the correlation function is always greater than one, by an amount which increases with the width of the Npart distribution.

4. (Relative-Azimuthal-)Angular Correlations A widely-used reduced correlation function is the relative-azimuthal-angle CF, often called the Angular Correlation Function for short. The phase space volume G is parameterized by Df and counts the number of pairs at fixed Df=fA-fB ;“binA” and “binB” denote some arbitrary ranges in (PA,qA) and (PB,qB): The integral of the angular CF satisfies a simple sum rule with the pair rate and singles rates.

5. Worked Example: Elliptic Flow Angular CF’s are often used to investigate elliptic flow, defined here as a residual correlation in which the singles distributions follow a quadrupole pattern relative to a reaction plane direction FRP but are otherwise uncorrelated. We can then write the single and joint distributions, and the angular correlation function follows immediately: Measurement of the angular correlation function between two types of particles can reveal the product of the quadrupole strengths v2Av2Bwithout a measurement of RP. (In heavy-ion collisions the angular CF will also show the effects of residual multiplicity correlations, but if only elliptic flow is present then the effect is just an overall multiplicative factor.)

6. The Two-Source Model Each particle is assumed to come from one of two sources, “Flow” or “Jet”. The Flow source is multi-collisional, possibly thermalized, and its particles exhibit elliptic flow relative to the reaction plane FRP. The Jet source is fragmentation from prompt jets (and dijets). We allow for the possibility that jets “feel” the collision geometry by giving the jet rate (before fragmentation) a quadrupole modulation. The singles distributions are controlled by the parameters RP, and for the jet source the jet axis FJet : The quadrupole strength v2FlowA is specific to particles of type A from the Flow source; nAFlow is the rate of A-type singles per event from the Flow source. The function JA() is peaked at 0, normalized to 1, and describes fragmentation. The constant <v2JetA> is an average ellipticity for all jets which produce A-type particles into binA. (The corresponding definitions hold for B-type particles, of course.)

7. Sum Over Pair Types Since the rate of all pairs can be partitioned into distinct types of pairs, the angular correlation function can be written as a sum over pair types: Within the two-source model we can identify five distinct and disjoint pair types, and we will write the angular correlation function as a sum over these types: Flow-Flow: Each particle A and B area from the Flow source. Flow-Jet:A is from the Flow source and B from Jet source, plus the reverse. Jet-Other Jet:A and B are both from jets, but not the same hard scattering process Jet-Same Jet: A and B are both fragments from the same jet. Di-Jet: A and B are fragments from a back-to-back pair of jets.

8. Pair Types I: Flow-Flow, Flow-Jet, and Jet-Other Jet These are the terms in the angular CF for the first three types of pairs. The term for the Flow-Flow type is exactly the same as in the elliptic flow example: The JetA-FlowB term is similar (we need to remember to add its reverse also): The Jet-Other Jet term also has a quadrupole shape in the end:

9. Pair Types II: Same Jet, Same Dijet For (A,B) pairs which fragment from the same jet the joint distribution includes two angular fragmentation functions JA() and JB(); and the result for the corresponding term in the correlation function involves their convolution: For pairs from opposite sides of a dijet the two jet axes JetA and JetB are not independent, but their acoplanarity AB has a distribution DAB(): After a great of algebra and calculus (here we spare the reader) the final result for the dijet term in the correlation function is:

10. Result for Angular Correlation Function Summing up all the terms for the different pair types we have With nA=nAFlow+nAJet by definition (and the same for B) this simplifies to Since the singles rates nA and nB are easily measured, a decomposition of the angular correlation function can extract the rates of jet- and dijet-induced pairs nABSameJet and nABDijet directly, as well as the true singles ellipticities V2A and V2B. (Caveat: The effects of residual multiplicity correlations, not taken into account here, will raise the non-jet terms in the CF by a constant factor, which should be very close to 1 for central event samples but could approach ~2 for wide peripheral or p/d+A samples.)

11. A Word About Conditional Yields A related pair quantity of interest is the conditional yield of one type of particle, say type B, conditioned on the presence of another type, say A. This amounts to counting the rate of (A,B) pairs compared to the rate of A singles: With this definition, it is clear that the azimuthal distribution of the conditional yield is closely related to the correlation function: So the conditional yield of, say, all same-jet-induced B particles per A particle can be calculated easily once the correlation function is decomposed:

12. Conclusions In the two-source model the angular correlation function has a straightforward interpretation in terms of the rates of different kinds of pairs, including jet- and dijet-induced pairs. The amplitude of the quadrupole term follows the product of the quadrupole strengths of the two singles distributions, even when jets show a dependence relative to the reaction plane. Residual multiplicity correlations can increase the rate of non-jet/non-dijet pairs, especially in peripheral event samples. The relative-angle conditional yield distribution is related to the angular correlation function by a simple constant scaling.