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Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular System. Chapter 5. Anatomy and Physiology. pump and delivery system supply trillions of cells with oxygen and other nutrients vital for survival transport cellular waste to appropriate organs for removal. Structures. heart - pump vessels - container blood - liquid.

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Cardiovascular System

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  1. Cardiovascular System Chapter 5

  2. Anatomy and Physiology • pump and delivery system • supply trillions of cells with oxygen and other nutrients vital for survival • transport cellular waste to appropriate organs for removal

  3. Structures • heart - pump • vessels - container • blood - liquid

  4. The Heart • hollow muscular organ(cardiac muscle) • pump to circulate blood • blood to oxygenate cells and remove waste products • Cardi/o - heart

  5. Location and Protection • located between the lungs and above the diaphragm • Pericardium • Pericardial Fluid • Epicardium • Myocardium • Endocardium

  6. Blood Vessels • Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillariesangi/o and vas/o • arteries - carry blood away from heart, oxygenated blood • veins - carry blood to the heart, deoxygenated blood

  7. Arteries • arteri/o • blood propelled by heart • arteries are thick with three layers • pulse-surge of blood • oxygenated blood - bright red • arteries to arterioles to capillaries

  8. Capillaries • system of microscopic vessels • one epithelial cell thick • connect arterial/venous systems • blood flow much slower through capillaries to allow for exchange • blood cells travel in single file

  9. Veins • low-pressure collecting system • ven/o and phleb/o • venules - small veins • veins have valves • deoxygenated blood • venae cavae - venous blood to Right Atrium

  10. Heart • myocardium - muscle layer • pericardium - sac containing the heart

  11. Heart Chambers Left Atrium Right Atrium Left Ventricle Right Ventricle Apex

  12. Internal Heart Chambers

  13. Heart Valves Aorta Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Veins Left Mitral Vena Cava Tricuspid Right Apex

  14. Blood Supply to Heart • Coronary Artery System • right coronary • left coronary • left anterior descending • circumflex

  15. Systemic Circulation • All parts of body except lungs • Pulmonary Circulation • pulmonary arterial system

  16. Conduction System 1-SA Node (Pacemaker) 2-AV Node 3-Bundle of His 4-Perkinje fibers

  17. Normal Sinus Rhythm

  18. Arrhythmias or Dysrhythmias • Palpitation: irregular, rapid pulsation of the heart • Fibrillation: heart muscle fibers contract at random with no coordination • atrial fibrillation (Afib): heart rhythm is fast and irregular • ventricular fibrillation: severely abnormal heart rhythm that can be life-threatening • Bradycardia: <60 bpm • Tachycardia: >100 bpm

  19. Pulse • pulse-rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure of blood moving through the artery

  20. Blood Pressure • Measurement of amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels. • Systolic - highest pressure result of ventricular contraction • Diastolic - lowest pressure when ventricles relaxed

  21. Pathology of the Cardiovascular system

  22. Atherosclerosis • scleroses • hypercholesterolemia • ischemia • thrombosis, embolus • occlusion • aneurysm

  23. Aneurysm A localized balloon-like enlargement of an artery.

  24. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) • Diseases of coronary circulation • atherosclerosis may cause angina, MI and sudden death • myocardial ischemia • angina, dyspnea • myocardial infarction • diaphoresis, pallor, dyspnea

  25. ProceduresOpening Blocked Arteries • Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) • Carotid endarterectomy • Coronary artery bypass surgery • revascularization

  26. Ischemic Heart Disease OR IHD • cardiac disability due to insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to heart • caused by constriction or obstruction of coronary artery • Ischemia - deficiency of blood supply

  27. Congestive Heart Failure • Impaired cardiac pumping, caused by myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy. • Failure of the ventricle to eject blood efficiently • causes pulmonary congestion; elevated right heart

  28. Varicose Veins • Incompetent valves • esophageal varices • anal hemorrhoids • legs • Edema (localized, generalized) • phlebitis, thrombophlebitis

  29. Blood Composition 55% plasma (liquid portion of blood) 45% blood cells

  30. Blood Types 4 blood types: A, B, AB, O Blood type is determined by surface antigens

  31. Pharmacology • Antianginals • antihypertensives • beta blockers • calcium channel blockers • diuretics • heparin • inotropics, cardiotonics • tissue plasminogen activators (TPA) • Statins

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