***The fall of the Roman Empire in 476 CE (AD) led to the start of the Middle Ages in Europe.

1. ***The fall of the Roman Empire in 476 CE (AD) led to the start of the Middle Ages in Europe. • The Middle Ages would last from 476 until 1453 • Europe would experience periods of chaos and periods of growth

2. Hammurabi’s Code: • First law code written in Babylon • Focused on social rank stating that if citizens are equal in rank than the punishment is an eye for an eye • If the persons rank is lower than the punishment is a fine • Used harsh and severe punishments • Displayed throughout his empire (compared to Asoka’s Pillars) • This is an example of a legal code, law code, or code of behavior

3. Justinian’s Code • Created by Byzantine emperor Justinian mid-540’s • Modified ancient Roman laws • This is an example of a legal code, law code, or code of behavior

4. 10 Commandments • Religious code of behavior in Judaism and Christianity • Provided moral standards and laws

5. The Twelve Tables of Rome • Ancient Rome’s first law code • This is an example of a legal code, law code, or code of behavior

6. Notable Empires • Byzantine Empire: located in Turkey and the Middle East (lasted early 300’s until 1453) The Ottoman Empire: located in Turkey and the Middle East. Conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453 and collapsed when they lost in WWI (1917) The Mughal Empire was an empire that began in the mid-1500’s in India and lasted until Britain conquered them in the 1850’s

7. Social Sciences • Geographer: studies the earth and its features Also studies how the earth impacts development. (How we adapt to surroundings) • Archaeologist: study ancient remains and artifacts • Sociologist: study the origins of humans and how they develop, what to produce • Economist: focus on distribution and movement of goods and services, scarcity of resources, and focus on wealth of a nation or region

8. Cultural diffusion: blending or mixing of two or more cultures • Colonialism: the act of making a weaker country part of an imperial empire (taking control of a weaker area by a stronger country) • Isolationism: policy of political isolation • Ethnocentrism: belief that one’s culture is superior to all others • (examples: China and Japan, the Aryans in India, and the Nazi’s in Germany (1920’s-1940’s)

9. ****Neolithic Revolution • Led to the stopping of hunting and gathering as the primary method of food gathering or survival • Introduced settled farming • Domesticated plants and animals • Benefit: people could now produce food to feed a bigger population • (population will grow, cities will grow) • Before this people were nomadic: wander around looking for food and shelter • This revolution allowed for the birth of cities and then civilizations

10. Bantu Migrations • Africa 500 BCE to 1500 CE • African people were nomadic and moved place to place in search of food and shelter • Spread their culture, ideas and traditions throughout all of Southern Africa • Example of cultural diffusion

11. Polytheism • Belief in many gods or more than one god • Examples: animism, Hinduism, early traditional religions from Africa and Latin America • Monotheism • Belief in one god • Judaism, Christianity, Islam

12. Rome: Geography • Located in the Mediterranean Sea • Rome began in Italy (Italian Peninsula) • Formed on 7 hills in Rome for protection • Its strategic location made it a prime city for trade and allowed Rome to expand and have access to all of the Mediterranean Sea • (this sea connects Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Western Europe)

13. Peninsulas • Land masses that are surrounded by water on THREE sides • Examples: • Spain • Italy • Korea • Greece

14. Roman Government • Republic: male citizens can elect their officials into the Senate • ***After Julius Caesar becomes ruler he creates the Roman dictatorship where one person rules • Caesar limited the power of the Senate

15. peninsula • Land where three sides are surrounded by water • Archipelago: chain of islands. Ex. Japan • Island: surrounded by water on all sides • Landlocked nation: surrounded by land on all sides

16. Impact of Alexander the Great • From Macedonia • Controlled a large empire that spread from Greece to India and spread into the Middle East and Egypt • Created Hellenism: which is a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian and Egyptian cultures • CULTURAL DIFFUSION

17. Phoenicians • Early civilization located in the Middle East and North Africa • Created the first alphabet in world history • Were known as “carriers of civilization” because they spread their culture throughout the Mediterranean Sea

18. Early Writing Systems • Hieroglyphics: Egyptian pictographs • Cuneiform: Sumerian writing and the world’s first written language • Both were used to record history and keep records

19. The Gupta Empire • Located in India • Existed between 300 CE and 550 CE • Ruled during a golden age • Most important contribution: improvements in math and medicine • Developed the concept of zero

20. Geography • All early civilizations developed near RIVER VALLEYS • Examples of early civilizations: Egypt, Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent), China and India • Reasons they developed near rivers: • Fertile soil • Water supply supports irrigation for crops • Allow people to produce their own food • These areas had a climate that supported the growth of civilizations

21. Geography of Egypt • Developed near the Nile River • Constant floods allowed fertile soil to support civilization

22. Geography of Mesopotamia • Developed near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers • Had fertile soil and good climate to support civilization

23. Geography of India • Developed near the Indus and Ganges Rivers • Geographic features: Himalaya Mountains and Hindu Kush mountains kept them isolated

24. MAPS • Physical map: shows the physical features of the earth: mountains, deserts, forests • Political map: shows the boundaries of countries, cities, and capitals • Climate map: shows temperature and climate for regions

25. Subsistence farming • Where people produce enough food for them to survive

26. Geography of China • Developed near the Huang He (Yellow) and Yangtze Rivers • China was isolated by mountains and deserts • They developed and ethnocentric view of the world • Viewed other cultures as barbarians • Influenced Korea and Japan

27. Ethnocentrism • Belief that one’s culture is superior to another • Examples: • China • Japan • Nazi Germany

28. Filial Piety • Confucian idea • Focused on the respect for elders • Stated that order and respect would create a stable society

29. Geography of Greece • Mountainous • The mountains separated the cities and allowed them to develop individual city-states • Greece also has good harbors for fishing and an irregular coastline

30. Geography of Japan • Archipelago: a chain of islands • It has good harbors and an irregular coastline • The mountains forced Japan to live in only a few places throughout the country • Was influenced by China and Korea

31. Ancient Athens • Practiced direct democracy • This is where citizens play a direct role in government • Every male citizen will have the opportunity to act in government • Focused on education Sparta: militaristic and was ruled by an oligarchy, which is rule by a few men

32. Early Japan • Japan: located on an archipelago (chain of islands) • Mostly mountainous (compared to Greece) • Lived off of the sea for food • Most influenced by China and Korea which served as a cultural bridge between the nations

33. Caste System • Created by the Aryans in India • Was the basis for the Hindu social pyramid • There are FIVE castes • You are placed there by BIRTH and you cannot move up or down the caste • There is NO social mobility

34. Confucius Beliefs • Stressed filial piety or respect for your elders • One must know their place in society then order would be brought to an empire • Also stressed the Five Relationships: this is the belief to respect those above you in age or position

35. Geographic Features of China • Asia • ***Like all early civilizations, China developed in River Valleys (existed in China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Fertile Crescent also known as the Middle East, and India) • Two rivers: Yangtze and Huang He Rivers • Gobi Desert • Himalaya and Hindu Kush mountains

36. Early Civilizations • Most early civilizations developed around RIVER VALLEYS • Ex. China, India, Mesopotamia, Egypt

37. Buddhism • Created by Siddhartha Gautama • Beliefs: • Karma: what you do in this life affects the next • Dharma: a person’s moral duties • Nirvana: complete Enlightenment • Four Noble Truths: the cause of suffering is desire, the only way to remove suffering is to remove desire • Eightfold Path: path you live to reach enlightenment • Reincarnation: cycle of rebirth

38. Similarities of Judaism, Christianity and Islam • Monotheistic: belief in one god • All follow a code of behavior • Christian and Judaism believe in the 10 Commandments • Islam has the Five Pillars

39. Hinduism • Karma, Dharma, Reincarnation • All three compare to Buddhism • Differences: CASTE SYSTEM **Based on birth • In the caste system there is NO social mobility • Brahmans: Priests & Elite • Kshatriyas: Warriors & Aristocracy • Vaisyas: Farmers, Merchants & Artisans • Shudras: Servants & Laborers • Untouchables: outcasts • No founder, chief religion in India brought there by the Aryans

40. Shintoism and Animism • Both believe in nature and that spirits exist in all things • Both worship ancestors • Shintoism is found in Japan • Animism is found mainly in African tribes • Animism is considered the first religion

41. Islam • Monotheistic • Practiced the Five Pillars of Faith • Allah is the one true god • Charity • Fasting during Ramadan • Pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime called the Hajj • Praying FIVE times a day facing Mecca

42. Governments • Anarchy: no gov’t, laws or order (chaos) • Absolute monarchy: king or queen rules with absolute power • Limited monarchy: the king or queen has their power limited by laws or a constitution • Democracy: gov’t run by the people • Republic: gov’t where the people elect their officials • Oligarchy: gov’t run by a few elite • Theocracy: gov’t run by religious leaders • Dictatorship: the power is the hands of one man with absolute power • Totalitarian: gov’t that controls every aspect of a person’s life; usually one party system where the gov’t uses secret police, propaganda and terror tactics to control the people

43. Absolute monarchy: France: Louis XIV, Louis XVI, England: Elizabeth I, James I, Charles I, Russia: Peter and Catherine the Great • Limited monarchy: King John I in England signed the Magna Carta, William and Mary in 1688 after the Glorious Revolution • Democracy: Twentieth Century U.S, France, Britain • Republic: U.S, Britain France • Oligarchy: Sparta in Ancient Greece • Theocracy: Iran from 1979 to Present • Dictatorship: Fidel Castro in Cuba, Francisco Franco in Spain (1930s) • Totalitarian: Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin

44. Global II

45. The Byzantine Empire • Began in the early 300s when Roman emperors moved the capital of Rome to Constantinople • After the fall of Rome in 476 CE, the Byzantine Empire officially begins • Located in present day Turkey • Most important leader: Justinian • Most known for was Justinian’s Code: it was a law code based on Roman laws, laws of social behavior, created stability

46. Justinian’s Code is compared to : the Twelve Tables of Rome, Hammurabi’s Code and the Ten Commandements

47. The Byzantine Empire • He built the Hagia Sophia: a church • Their religion was Catholic, but eventually created Orthodox Christianity • The Byzantine Empire spread its culture using missionaries to Russia and Greece • Transferred religion, culture, language and the Cyrillic alphabet to Russia • Preserved Greek and Roman culture

48. Tang and Song Dynasties • China • Tang: 700’s- 900’s • Song: 900’s -1200’s • Known for cultural and technological achievements that brought wealth to China • GOLDEN AGE!!!!! • Peace, prosperity and advancement

49. Black Plague • Originated in China 1331 • Spread along trade routes to Europe by 1345 • Spread throughout all of Europe between years 1345 and 1350 • 1/3 of the population died (25 million people)

50. Renaissance • Started in Italy in cities like Florence, Venice and Genoa 1400’s • Created a new wealthy middle class • People began to focus more on secular beliefs (worldly, and not-religious) rather than religion • Humanism: focus on individual achievements • Reestablished and accepted the use of Greco-Roman culture • Pre-Renaissance: the world was based on religious thought. (The Middle Ages 500-1300)