The Rise & Fall of Reconstruction

1. The Rise & Fall of Reconstruction The Birth of the Civil Rights Movement & the Extinguishing of Civil Rights Progress

2. April 1865 April 4 - President Lincoln tours Richmond where he enters the Confederate White House. With "a serious, dreamy expression," he sits at the desk of Jefferson Davis for a few moments. April 9 - Gen. Robert E. Lee surrenders his Confederate Army to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at the village of Appomattox Court House in Virginia. April 10 - Celebrations break out in Washington. April 14 - The Stars and Stripes is ceremoniously raised over Fort Sumter. That night, Lincoln and his wife Mary see the play "Our American Cousin" at Ford's Theater. At 10:13 p.m., during the third act of the play, John Wilkes Booth shoots the president in the head. April 15 - President Abraham Lincoln dies at 7:22 in the morning. Vice President Andrew Johnson assumes the presidency.

3. Assassination of Lincoln

4. John Wilkes Booth”Sic semper tyrannis” (Thus always to tyrants) 

5. Effects of the War

6. Effects of the War

7. Human Toll of War • 1.5 million combined casualties • North had 364,000 fatalities • Including 38,000 African-American soldiers • South had 260,000 fatalities • 20% of all white men in the South died • 33% of all men in South killed or severely wounded • Psychological toll was even worse

8. An estimated 60,000 amputations occurred during the Civil War

9. Alfred Bellard, a private in the 5th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, was wounded in the battle of Chancellorsville, VA, in May 1863. His severe leg injury prevented him from returning to the regular army, so he joined the Invalid Corps instead. Bellard described the carnage of the war in his diary and included graphic illustrations of the fate of soldiers.

10. There was even a newspaper for amputees

11. A exhibition of writing by right-handed amputees. • To benefit disabled soldiers and sailors

12. Toll of war • Physical Geographic toll • Destroyed 2/3 of South’s shipping industry • 9,000 miles of railroad • 2/3 of all livestock • Ruined bridges, canals, roads • Value of southern farm property fell by 70%

13. Effects of the War Library of Congress

14. Economic Toll • Southern Economy was destroyed • Confederate money worth nothing • Land was ruined • Labor Structure was dismantled • Slaves freed • Slave labor lost was worth about $3 billion • White men dead or seriously injured • Northern industry had boomed during war • Now they must brace for post-war decline

15. Effects of the War

16. Three groups of survivors in the South • Black southerners: 4 million former slaves now free • Under slavery they had food and shelter • Now free, they had to find this on their own • Starvation and unemployment common • Many continued to work on former plantations • Some moved on to the West and to the North

17. Survivors • Plantation owners: slave labor lost was worth about $3 billion • Confederate money used by landowners now worthless • Many sold off land just to survive • Psychological and physical scars of war • Poor white southerners • Psychological and physical scars of war • White laborers had new competition with slaves being set free • Mass migration westward to Texas and beyond

18. Reconstruction - 1865-1877 • Federal government program to repair damage to the South • Restore and re-integrate Confederate states into the Union • Hugely controversial for many reasons, and still debated today

19. Three Plans for Reconstruction • Lincoln’s 10% Plan • Amnesty for Confederates who took pledge of Allegiance10% did this-new state govt • When state voted to abolish slavery it could apply to reenter the Union • Johnson’s Plan • What were the key ideas of the plan? • How does it compare to Lincoln’s plan?

20. President Abraham Lincoln • Lincoln wanted the country to come back together peacefully. • Lincoln’s plan was created in 1863, about two years before the end of the war. • At the time of his death, the war was just ending and he was not able to put his ideas into practice. The Ten Percent Plan • 10% of voters in the seceded states must swear loyalty under oath to the Union. • The states that seceded must abolish slavery.

21. Republicans in Congress • Wanted to be more strict with the States that had rebelled. • Wanted a State to re-enter through a slower admission process. Wade-Davis Bill • The majority of white men from formerly Confederate states must swear loyalty to the United States. • The seceded states must abolish slavery. • Former Confederate soldiers or volunteers cannot hold office or vote.

22. President Andrew Johnson • Wanted to be strict with the States that had rebelled, but ended up making it relatively easy for them. • Allowed for segregation of the races. Johnson Plan • The majority of white men from formerly Confederate states must swear loyalty to the United States. • Formerly Confederate states must ratify the 13th Amendment. • Former Confederate officials may hold office and vote.

23. Radical Republicans • Radical republicans, often abolitionists, represented a large part of Congress. • These Congressmen wanted to be strict with the States that had rebelled. • They also wanted to protect the newly freed slaves. Reconstruction Act • Formerly Confederate states must disband their state governments. • Formerly Confederate states must write new state constitutions. • Formerly Confederate states must ratify the 14th Amendment • Formerly Confederate states must allow African Americans to vote.

24. 13th Amendment • "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.“ • Thoughts on this?

25. Johnson’s Reconstruction Policy 1865 • Broad amnesty for former Confederates • Blacks excluded from state gov’t reorganizations • Southern states had to disavow secession, accept the abolition of slavery (later 13th Amendment) and “repudiate” Confed debt • In addition, Southern states control African American voting rights • Southern states quickly agree to Johnson’s deal

26. Problems: Black Codes • Passed in southern states in 1865-1866. • Gave some rights to blacks but • Limited the rights of blacks. • Blacks must abide by “labor contracts” • Excluded from certain occupations • Strict vagrancy laws, unemployed blacks could be arrested and sent out for (unpaid) labor

27. Nouveau Confederacy • Ex-Confederates still in control • Many of the newly elected southern lawmakers had been in the Confederate Congress, held a cabinet position in the Confederate government, or had been Confederate generals in the war.

28. Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction Upset with the leniency of Johnson’s plan and the passing of black code laws in the South, Radical Republican pushed through the Reconstruction Acts of 1867. • Broke the south (except Tennessee) into 5 zones under Northern military control • Did not recognize state governments created under presidential plans and ordered states to hold new elections for delegates to create new state constitutions (exc. Tennessee) • Required states to allow all qualified male voters, including African Americans to vote (disallowed confederate leaders) • Required ratification of the 14th Amendment • Required Southern states to guarantee equal rights

30. Fourteenth Amendment • Congress unhappy with Johnson’s soft reconstruction plan • Tries to pass a Civil Rights Act 1866, Johnson vetoes it • Congress overrides it, then proposes an amendment to Constitution which will be ratified as the 14th amendment in 1868 • 14th Amendment will become backbone of civil liberty in America

31. 14th Amendment SECTION 1- All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizensof the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws

32. Additional elements of 14th Amendment • Section 2 • removed 3/5 representation clause • States would lose representation in Congress in proportion to the number of eligible males 21 and over blocked from voting • Section 3 • Blocked former politicians and military leaders who had joined the Confederacy from holding federal office again unless specifically approved by Congress • Section 4 • Confirmed concept of Federal “public” debt • Denied legitimacy (repudiated) of confederate debt

33. Johnson Impeached • Johnson attempts to veto Congressional Reconstruction, but it is overridden • This set off a major battle between the Republican congress and Johnson • Congress passes two laws (clearly outside their scope of power) with the intent of pushing Johnson to “break” the laws • Leads to his impeachment and trial • Retains office by 1 vote in the Senate

34. New Civil Rights of Reconstruction • 13th, 14th , & 15th Amendments • Freedmen’s Bureau • African-American property rights • African-American political participation • African-Americans in state and local office

35. Sets up clash between Congress and Johnson • Congress refuses to seat these people • Johnson vetoed an expansion of the Freedman’s Bureau (provides aid and support for freed blacks) and a Civil Rights Bill • June 1866 Congress proposes 14th Amendment

36. Impeachment of Johnson • Congress and Johnson continue to clash. • Congress overrides a number of Johnson’s vetoes (something that had almost never happened before since the birth of the Republic • 1868, House of Reps votes to impeach Johnson, but Senate (by one vote) fails to convict.

37. New Daily Lives of Former Slaves • Freedom of movement • Some former slaves went in search of family members. • Some moved North or West • Majority did not go far from where they had been enslaved • African-American education increase • Freedman’s Bureau help set up schools • From beginning, schools were de facto segregated • African-American political involvement • For most this meant voting alone • Some served in positions of power • In general, the most educated, often priorly free AA were elected to office

38. Republican South • Republican control of south helped continue progress in civil rights • State governments made up of freedmen, “carpetbaggers,” & “scalawags.” • Carpetbaggers~ Northern Republicans who moved to South after Civil War (Some to help—Some to profit) • Scalawags~ Southerners who joined the Republican Party.

39. Republican governments in South • Many African-Americans served • Instituted some important reforms-expanded public school systems

40. Trump and 14th amendment • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0d21nQBY8o • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TwG1j22Rdg

41. 14th Amendment SECTION 1- All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizensof the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws

42. Graded Discussion • How do you think white attitudes toward blacks contributed to the course of Reconstruction? • What do you think of the terms of the different plans for Reconstruction. • What do you think would have been a “fair” plan for Reconstruction? • Should Johnson have been impeached? • Was the Republican Party really interested in reform or did it just want to protect its own power? • What do you think was the most important failure of Reconstruction?

43. KKK History • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_R7NjVtuiw • http://www.history.com/topics/ku-klux-klan/videos/the-kkk What pre-Civil War organization does the Klan resemble?

44. Factors Leading to the Failure of Reconstruction • Rise of the KKK • Fracture of the Republican Party • Panic of 1873 • Supreme Court refusal to support 14th & 15th Amendments • Redemption of the Southern Democrats • Election of 1876 • Rise of Jim Crow

45. Bureau for the Relief of Freedman and Refugees • Passed by act of Congress 3/3/1865 • Federal agency to provide food, clothing shelter, and land to displaced Southerners (including ex-slaves) • Set up schools, and supervised labor contracts between freedman and employers, managed confiscated lands. • Underfunded, never more than 900 employees in the entire South

46. “Negro Rule:” Blacks vote and serve Hiram Rhodes Revels was the first African American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives and later the Senate. He served in Congress 1870 to 1871, representing Mississippi. 800 black men served in state legislatures from 1868-1877 More than 500,000 black men became voters in the south in the 1870s and they voted Republican (Party of Lincoln). In Mississippi, former slaves outnumbered whites and 90% (men) were registered.

47. 1. Rise of the Ku Klux Klan and other White Supremacy groups ~ Formed by former Confederate officers. ~ Initially was an open Social Club. ~ Primary goal was to stop African Americans from exerting new rights, & keep them at the bottom of the socio-economic hierarchy. ~ Used intimidation and extreme violence to stop African-Americans from voting. Also targeted White Republicans and supporters of black rights~ Terror also expanded throughout the south even outside of the KKK scope.

48. Reconstruction: Civil War II • Violence was widespread in the south during Reconstruction, The KKK was one of several white supremacy organizations operating in the South. Their common goal was the resist Republican rule and political power for African Americans and to restore the white dominated antebellum social and economic system

49. Nathan Bedford Forrest • Confederate Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest (who would later become the first Grand Wizard of the KKK). Though he would later deny it.

50. Blacks, white Republicans and Freedman Bureau employees and were targeted in the campaign of terror and intimidation This campaign was extremely brutal. In Texas 1865-1868, whites murdered more than 1000 blacks