1. Interaction Design Process and Heuristics

2. Objectives • To present an overview of the interaction design process • To present alternative control styles and consider their strengths and weaknesses • To present interaction design heuristics

3. Topics • Component and interaction co-design and outside-in design • Controllers and control styles • Centralized • Delegated • Dispersed • Interaction design heuristics • The Law of Demeter

4. Component and Interaction Co-Design • Components cannot be designed alone because they may not support needed interactions. • Interactions cannot be designed alone because they may rely on missing features of components or missing components. • Components and interactions must be designed together iteratively.

5. Outside-In Design • Interaction design should be mainly top-down (from most to least abstract interactions). • The most abstract interactions are specified in the SRS and use case models. • Starting with the interactions between the program and its environment (outside) and designing how interacting components can implement them (inside) is called outside-in design.

6. Controllers Controller are important because they are the central figures in collaborations. A controller is a program component that makes decisions and directs other components.

7. Control Styles A control style is a way that decision making is distributed among program components. • Centralized—A few controller make all significant decisions • Delegated—Decision making is distributed through the program with a few controllers making the main decisions • Dispersed—Decision making is spread widely through the program with few or no components making decisions on their own

8. Centralized Control • Easy to find where decisions are made • Easy to see how decisions are made and to alter the decision-making process • Controllers may become bloated—large, complex, and hard to understand, maintain, test, etc. • Controller may treat other components as data repositories • Increases coupling • Destroys information hiding

9. Centralized Control Form

10. Less-Centralized Control Form

11. Control Heuristics 1 • Avoid interaction designs where most messages originate from a single component. • Keep components small. • Make sure operational responsibilities are not all assigned to just a few components. • Make sure operational responsibilities are consistent with data responsibilities.

12. Delegated Control • Controller are coupled to fewer components, reducing coupling. • Information is hidden better. • Programs are easier to divide into layers. • Delegated control is the preferred control style.

13. Control Heuristics 2 • Have components delegate as many low-level tasks as possible.

14. Dispersed Control Style • Characterized by having many components holding little data and having few responsibilities. • It is hard to understand the flow of control. • Components are unable to do much on their own, increasing coupling. • It is hard to hide information. • Cohesion is usually poor. • Few modularity principles can be satisfied.

15. Control Heuristics 3 • Avoid interactions that require each component to send many messages.

16. Law of Demeter An operation of an object obj should send messages only to the following entities: • The object obj; • The attributes of obj; • The arguments of the operation; • The elements of a collection that is an argument of the operation or an attribute of obj; • Objects created by the operation; and • Global classes or objects.

17. Consequences of the Law of Demeter • Objects send messages only to objects “directly known” to them. • The Law of Demeter helps to • Hide information, • Keep coupling low, • Keep cohesion high, • Discourage an over-centralized control style, and • Encourage a delegated control style.

18. Remarks on Control Styles and Heuristics • There is a continuum of control styles with centralized and dispersed on the ends and delegated in the middle. • Different levels of centralization may be more or less appropriate depending on the problem. • The control heuristics are in tension.

19. Summary 1 • Interactions and components cannot be designed independently, so they must be designed together iteratively (component and interaction co-design). • Interaction design should proceed top-down (outside-in). • Controllers are important components in designing interactions. • We can distinguish various control styles on a continuum of centralization versus distribution.

20. Summary 2 • A delegated control style in which a few controllers make important decisions but delegate other decisions to subordinates is usually best. • Various heuristics, including the Law of Demeter, encourage control styles that maximize information hiding and cohesion and minimize coupling.