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Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular System. Blood Vessels Heart Organization and Functions. Contains smooth muscle and elastic tissue. Allows blood to reach tissues. Blood Vessels. Carries blood away from the heart. Returns blood to the heart. Capillary Exchange.

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Cardiovascular System

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  1. Cardiovascular System Blood Vessels Heart Organization and Functions

  2. Contains smooth muscle and elastic tissue Allows blood to reach tissues Blood Vessels Carries blood away from the heart Returns blood to the heart

  3. Capillary Exchange • Balance of blood pressure and osmotic pressure controls flow of materials • Water, Oxygen and Nutrients leave capillary at arterial end • Diffusion of small molecules continues through middle of capillary • Water, Carbon Dioxide and Wastes enter capillary at venous end

  4. Blood Return Through Veins • Skeletal muscles help return blood to the heart(skeletal muscle pump) • Valves prevent back-flow • Pressure changes in respiration also assist in moving blood through veins(respiratory pump)

  5. Left Atrium AtrioventricularValve RightAtrium LeftVentricle AtrioventricularValve SemilunarValves Right Ventricle Heart Chambers and Valves

  6. Fibrous pericardium Visceral pericardium Layers of Heart Tissue Tissues of the Heart • Endocardium- lining • Myocardium- muscle • Pericardium- outside

  7. Cellular Structures of Cardiac Muscle Cardiac Muscle cell Mitochondrion Intercalated disk: double membrane structure where cardiac muscle fibers are joined Gap junctions of intercalated disks allow simultaneous contraction of adjacent cells

  8. The Cardiac Cycle Oxygenatedblood from lungs Deoxygenatedblood to lungs Heart Relaxes;atria fill passively Oxygenatedblood to body Deoxygenatedblood from body Atria Contract Ventricles Contract

  9. SuperiorVena Cava(from upper body) Pulmonary Artery (to left lung) Pulmonary Artery(to right lung) Pulmonary Veins(from left lung) Pulmonary Veins(from right lung) Descending Aorta(to lower body) Inferior Vena Cava(from lower body) Connecting Vessels Aorta

  10. Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits Circulates blood through body tissues Circulates blood through the lungs

  11. Blood Vessels of the Heart Coronary arteries (red) and cardiac veins (blue) serve heart muscle Imaging methods can detect blockages in coronary arteries

  12. Control of Heartbeat Sinoatrial (SA) Node Atrioventricular (AV) Node SA Node = pacemaker, initiates atrial contractionAV Node receives signals from SA node, sends signal through Purkinje fibers for ventricles to contract simultaneously PurkinjeFibers

  13. Semilunar Valves Close “dup” sound Atrioventricular Valves Close “lubb” sound Ventricular fibrillation Atria Relax Ventricles Contract Irregular heart rhythm Heart Function Heartbeat visualized with ECG Atria Contract Ventricles Relax

  14. Blood Pressure Blood pressure = Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Systolic: pressure during ventricular contraction Diastolic: pressure during ventricular relaxation Normal blood pressure Is below 120/80.

  15. Disorders of the Cardiovascular System • Hypertension: high blood pressure • Atherosclerosis: buildup of plaque deposits in blood vessels • Stroke: loss of blood flow to brain tissue due to blockage or bursting of blood vessel • Heart Attack: damage to heart tissue due to lack of blood flow

  16. Red blood cells usually have a concave shape Red blood cell from patient with sickle-cell anemia Functions of Blood 1. Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones Red blood cells transport oxygen and assist in carbon dioxide transport

  17. Monocytes give riseto macrophages Macrophages engulf invaders Functions of Blood 2. Defense: protection against invaders White blood cells engulf invaders or produce substances to fight against them

  18. Lymphocytes target specific invaders or infected cells Functions of Blood 2. Defense: protection against invaders White blood cells engulf invaders or produce substances to fight against them B lymphocytes produce antibodies against an invader Antibodies mark the invader for destruction T lymphocytes destroy body cellsthat are infected with the invader

  19. Functions of Blood 1. Blood vessel is punctured. 2. Platelets congregate and form a plug. 3. Blood Clotting • Platelets initiate the process • Clotting factors produce fibrin threads Prothrombin activator 3. Platelets and damaged tissue cells release prothrombin activator, which initiates a cascade of enzymatic reactions. 2+ Ca Prothrombin Thrombin 2+ Ca Fibrinogen Fibrin threads 4. Fibrin threads form and trap red blood cells. fibrin threads red blood cell

  20. Percent by Volume Percent by Weight Water, 91% plasma Proteins, 7% 55% Solutes, 2% (ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, hormones, vitamins) cells, platelets 45% Functions of Blood 4. Regulation of • body temperature • water/salt balance • pH Plasma is responsible for these functions.

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